Diapositive 1 - de l'UniversitÃ© libre de Bruxelles

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Chapitre IIFigure 17: Calcein labelled (LIP) andunlabelled (UIP) interambulacral platesof juvenile Paracentrotus lividus grownin aquarium, viewed by epifluorescencemicroscopy (Scale bar = 0.5 mm).Sample preparation and analysis. Experimental samples (10 mg of newly formedcoronal plates) were mineralized by adding 100 µl HNO 3 (suprapur, Merck), 60 µl H 2 O 2(pro analysis, Merck) and 840 µl Milli Q Water (Millipore) in an Eppendorf tube. Fieldcollected samples (0.25g of powered skeleton) were mineralized in a Milestone1200mega microwave oven in 2.5 ml HNO 3 and 1 ml H 2 O 2 . The resulting solution wasfiltered on a GF/A Whatman filter and brought to a final volume of 25 ml with Milli Qwater (Millipore). Sea water samples were thawed in closed vials at 50 °C during 2 hours.HNO 3 2% (suprapur, Merck) was added and the samples were filtered on GF/A Whatmanfilter. The solutions were diluted 10 times in acidified water for the skeleton and 20 timesfor seawater samples prior to analyses.Mg, Sr, Ca concentrations of the solutions were analysed with an Iris Advantage (ThermoJarrel Ash) Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES). Thecalibration was achieved using artificial multi-elemental solutions made from certifiedmono-elemental solutions (Merck) and using certified reference materials for qualitycheck: HPS CRM Seawater (High Purity Standard) for the seawater samples and JCp-1(coral) and JCt-1 (giant clam) (Standard Geological Survey of Japan) for the skeletonsamples. Results for the certified reference materials were always within ± 10% of thecertified values. The analytical precision was 0.32% for Mg/Ca and 0.74 % for Sr/Ca.Adequate cleaning (with pro analysi products) is confirmed by very low Fe/Ca andMn/Ca ratios (Figure 18).52
Chapitre IIFigure 18: Skeletal Mn/Ca ratios vs Fe/Caratios indicating no influence on Mg/Ca ratiosby contaminating phases.Data analysis. All statistical analyses were carried out using the Systat 9 software.Significance level was fixed at 0.05. In order to control if experimental trace elementsignatures correspond to field ones, Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of the bulk skeletal powder ofthe field specimens were compared to experimental data obtained at a similar temperatureusing a Mann Withney test. The effects of temperature, salinity and growth rate on Mg/Caand Sr/Ca ratios were analysed using forward stepwise multiple linear regressions. Therelation between Mg/Ca ratio and temperature was further characterized by non linearregression. Analysis of residuals was systematically carried out. No significant trend wasever recorded among residuals.RESULTSGrowth rate. During the experiment, sea urchins moved and ate actively. At the end ofthe experiment, the dissection revealed well-developed gonads with vivid colours andcalcein labelling evidenced a significant growth attesting that sea urchins were healthy inall treatments.Mean growth rate of newly formed coronal plates was 0.163 ± 0.122 mg/day.Interindividual variation was important. This growth rate was not affected by temperature(p correlation = 0.24) nor salinity (p ANOVA = 0.60).Mg/Ca ratio. Mean skeletal Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca are presented in Table 8 (individual ratiosare detailed in thesis annexes).53
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UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES (ULB
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RemerciementsJ’aimerais tout d’
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Ce travail a été rendu possible p
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Dans la seconde partie, la modulati
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higher magnesium concentrations pre
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DEUXIÈME PARTIE: Processus minéra
Page 16 and 17: Introduction généraletransitoire
Page 18 and 19: Introduction généraleFigure 2 : C
Page 20 and 21: Introduction généralemajoritairem
Page 22 and 23: Introduction générale2.2.1 Facteu
Page 24 and 25: Introduction générale2.2.2 Facteu
Page 26 and 27: Introduction généraleFigure 6 : C
Page 28 and 29: Introduction générale2.2.2.4 Effe
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Page 32 and 33: Introduction généralemagnésium e
Page 34 and 35: Introduction généraleFigure 8 : R
Page 36 and 37: Introduction générale3.1.2 Le mag
Page 38 and 39: Introduction généraled’une nich
Page 40 and 41: Introduction généraleFigure 11 :
Page 42 and 43: Introduction généralecroissance c
Page 45: PREMIÈRE PARTIEFACTEURS ENVIRONNEM
Page 49 and 50: Chapitre ICHAPITRE IGrowth rate and
Page 51 and 52: Chapitre I1998). Rosenheim et al (2
Page 53 and 54: Chapitre ITable 4: Dates of transfe
Page 55 and 56: Chapitre ILongitudinal sections of
Page 57 and 58: Chapitre ITable 5: Skeletal Mg/Ca a
Page 59 and 60: Chapitre Iimportance of the thermod
Page 61 and 62: Chapitre IICHAPITRE IITemperature,
Page 63 and 64: Chapitre IIeffects of climate chang
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Page 69 and 70: Chapitre IIFigure 19: Mg/Ca ratio i
Page 71 and 72: Chapitre IIor a magnesium compartme
Page 73 and 74: Chapitre IIpositive temperature eff
Page 75 and 76: Chapitre IIICHAPITRE IIISalinity ef
Page 77 and 78: Chapitre IIIcontrolled aquarium con
Page 79 and 80: Chapitre IIIFurthermore, Mg/Ca rati
Page 81 and 82: Chapitre IIIbetween these different
Page 83 and 84: Chapitre III2.6Skeletal Sr/Ca (mmol
Page 85 and 86: Chapitre IIIalready proposed by Van
Page 87 and 88: Chapitre IIIIon transport in echino
Page 89: DEUXIÈME PARTIEPROCESSUS MINÉRALO
Page 92 and 93: Chapitre IVINTRODUCTIONBiogenic cal
Page 94 and 95: Chapitre IVAfter collection, the se
Page 96 and 97: Chapitre IVratioed against backgrou
Page 98 and 99: Chapitre IVTable 13: Sampling locat
Page 100 and 101: Chapitre IVTable 15: Probabilities
Page 102 and 103: Chapitre IVFigure 29: FTIR spectra
Page 104 and 105: Chapitre IVFigure 31: XANES spectra
Page 106 and 107: Chapitre IVwater molecules, which c
Page 108 and 109: Chapitre Vin vivo by ion transport
Page 110 and 111: Chapitre VSea urchins produce an in
Page 112 and 113: Chapitre Vwere surrounded with cond
Page 114 and 115: Chapitre V3535Mineral Mg concentrat
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Chapitre VMorphology of in vitro pr
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Chapitre VFigure 37: Scanning elect
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Chapitre VA quadratic modulation of
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Chapitre Vproject from the Belgian
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Discussion généraleDans cette dis
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Discussion généraleorganique prod
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Discussion généralede régulation
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Discussion généraleFigure 38 : Mo
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Discussion générale3. Perspective
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Discussion générale120
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Références bibliographiquesAmeye
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Références bibliographiquesCarré
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Références bibliographiquesDustan
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Références bibliographiquesHartma
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Références bibliographiquesKolesa
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Références bibliographiquesMagdan
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Références bibliographiquesQuamme
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Références bibliographiquesRosenh
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Références bibliographiquesThe Se
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Références bibliographiquesWillen
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Références bibliographiques142
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Annexestempérature salinité indiv
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AnnexesANNEXE 2Tableau 20: Rapports
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Annexes
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