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ANNEX X:ENERGY CONSERVATION: ERDA’S CONTRIBUTION &CASE STUDIESByMr. G. S. GrewalElectrical Research & Development Association (ERDA)Gujarat, IndiaA. Energy Management Section, ERDAERDA's Energy Management Section (EMS), established in 1995, carries out:• Energy audit study;• Energy conservation measures;• Certification of energy-efficient equipment (including a nodal laboratory for refrigeratortesting for BEE Star Rating Check and Challenge Programme);• Research & Development in the field of renewable energy; and• Seminars/workshops and in-house training programmes on energy audit and energyconservation measures.The core expertise of EMS are:• Electrical-I: Motors, pumps, air and chiller compressors and blowers;• Electrical-II: Transformers, lighting and capacitor banks;• Thermal-I: Boilers, turbines, condensers and cooling towers;• Thermal-II: Furnaces, heaters, dryers, etc.; and• Process: Specialists in iron & steel making processes.EMS-ERDA has carried out energy audits of 129 power generating units: 77 thermal, 3lignite-based, 13 gas-based, 27 hydroelectric and 7 nuclear. Table 3-9 provides dataon efficiencies of thermal power plants that ERDA audited.Table 3-9: Typical efficiencies of thermal power plants audited by ERDARating (MW) Efficiencies (%)Boiler Turbine Overall plant500 (Coal) 80.5 37.87 (2,263.4 kcal/kWh) 30.0210 (Coal) 87.0 35.8 (2,391.6 kcal/kWh) 31.0120 (Coal) 87.0 26.6 (2,814.8 kcal/kWh) 26.6In India, the typical average performance parameters of coal-based thermal powerplants are as follows:Heat rate: 3,400 kcal/kWhEfficiency : 25%Auxiliary power consumption : 6-9%Specific coal consumption : 0.8 kg/kWh (3.25 kWh coal/1 kWh electric power)112
In the case of gas-based thermal plants, for a 30 MW plant, the typical efficiency is24.4 per cent (3,251 kcal/kWh) for open cycle and 39 per cent (2,177 kcal/kWh) forclosed cycle.B. Key drivers for energy conservation in IndiaThe key aspects that drive energy conservation efforts in India are:• Low per capita energy consumption – Around 704 kWh, compared with 13,241kWh in the United States, 1,139 kWh in China and around 4,000 kWh world average;• Reliability issues – High downtime of power plants that decreases the averagedthermodynamic efficiency of plants and results in loss of revenue to power generationcompanies;• Energy reserves not proportionate to population;• High cost of energy;• Higher specific energy consumption by the processing sector;• High cost of setting up new power plants; and• Demand and supply gap, with peak shortages up to 25 per cent (all-India averageis 11 per cent).India is the fifth largest energy consumer in the world, although 35 per cent of the 1.21billion population is not grid-connected – that is about 425 million people, more thanthe population of the United States. Currently, India meets close to 30 per cent of itsenergy needs through imports and this is likely to increase in the future.In thermal power generation, coal accounts for 83.65 per cent with 96.74 GW installedcapacity, followed by gas with 17.71 GW (15.31 per cent) and oil with 1.2 GW (1.03per cent). While the efficiency is an average 30 per cent, transmission and distributionlosses run up to 30-35 per cent, burdening the State Electricity Boards with a whoppingannual loss of around Rs 200 billion! The average cost per unit (kWh) of power is high inIndia – US$0.095, compared with US$0.062 in China, US$0.060 in the United Statesand US$0.58 in the Republic of Korea.Table 3-10: A comparison of Indian and global energy reservesType India World PercentageOil (mt) 800 138,300 0.58Gas (mtoe) 700 139,700 0.5Coal (mt) 69,947 1,031,610 6.78Hydro (mtoe) 30 218 13.76Nuclear (mt Uranium) 100,000 10,000,000 1.00Table 3-10 provides the energy reserves of India in comparison with global figures.Compared with its counterpart in developed nations, the Indian industry incurs a highercost for use of power in production (Table 3-11). The intensity of energy usage inproduction too is comparatively higher in the Indian industry than in the industrialsector in developed nations.113
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ADVANCES IN FOSSIL FUELTECHNOLOGIES
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ADVANCES IN FOSSIL FUELTECHNOLOGIES
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CONTENTSABBREVIATIONSiiiPART ONEREP
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ABBREVIATIONSAC : Alternating curre
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OECD : Organization for Economic Co
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IORGANIZATION OF THE WORKSHOPA. Bac
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D. Election of officersThe followin
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IIICONSIDERATION OF ISSUESA. Backgr
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emissions. Underground coal gasific
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800 MWe, a steam pressure of 300 kg
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• Materials development & manufac
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Figure 1-5: Strategy for commercial
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tonnes, the state-owned enterprise
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• Ensuring not just easy FDI entr
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MW ultra-supercritical units; and s
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the captive generation capacity) on
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and other financial institutions -
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and higher efficiency power generat
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energy technologies, which can enab
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• Such massive financial inputs c
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BASELINE REPORT ON FOSSIL FUEL TECH
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B. General R&D climate in the count
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a convenient way to envisage energy
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to mature and become more cost-comp
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emissions, at least relative to sin
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The Ministry of Power (MoP), which
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3. Bio-energyBio-energy, widely ava
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in such a canal will rotate at a lo
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in tackling climate change. A one p
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Advantages of supercritical plants
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existing power plants but also to b
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BASELINE REPORT ON FOREIGN DIRECT I
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CEA at 598 mt. This is mainly due t
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For India to maintain its momentum
Page 71 and 72: Table 2-5: Electricity generation t
Page 73 and 74: Growth, which submitted its interim
Page 75 and 76: 3. Future challengesThe future chal
Page 77 and 78: development worked out. Public-priv
Page 79 and 80: Linking FDI to technology transferI
Page 81 and 82: The total requirement of fund durin
Page 83 and 84: Funding from multilateral agenciesM
Page 85 and 86: cooperation will be essential in so
Page 87: Planning Commission, Government of
Page 90 and 91: ANNEX I:LIST OF PARTICIPANTSMr. A.K
Page 92 and 93: Mr. S.C. Shrivastava, Joint Chief (
Page 94 and 95: ANNEX II:PROGRAMME6 June 2012, Wedn
Page 96 and 97: ANNEX III:AN OVERVIEW OF ADVANCED F
Page 98 and 99: • Technology solutions are also v
Page 100 and 101: Table 3-5: Improvement in cycle eff
Page 102 and 103: • No liquid effluent formation;
Page 104 and 105: Figure 3-5: Advancement of gas turb
Page 106 and 107: Figure 3-8: Goal 2 - New clean tech
Page 108 and 109: Compared with conventional power pl
Page 110 and 111: Figure 3-14: Thermax coal gasificat
Page 112 and 113: ANNEX VII:GE ENERGY AND ADVANCED FO
Page 114 and 115: ANNEX VIII:SWOT ANALYSIS OF FOSSIL
Page 116 and 117: By 2035, cumulative CO 2emissions f
Page 118 and 119: • Falling prices of renewable ene
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-20: New advanced coal powe
Page 124 and 125: Table 3-11: Energy cost and intensi
Page 126 and 127: 300Figure 3-23: Trends in coal use
Page 128 and 129: C. Gaps in coal use efficiencyFigur
Page 130 and 131: ANNEX XII:FINANCING OF THE POWER SE
Page 132 and 133: With the entry of many private sect
Page 134 and 135: for future requirements should be t
Page 136 and 137: Short supply of coal has started af
Page 138: Figure 3-35: Life-cycle of technolo
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