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• Technology solutions are also very important for enhancing adaptive capacity andreducing vulnerability to climate change and its impacts;• International cooperation in science and technology is of great significance;• It is important to ensure that within the multilateral process under UNFCCC, themenu of cooperation mechanisms is not constrained and proactive measures aretaken for these mechanisms to be used;• For example, when the technology solutions are at a very early stage of development,the primary focus is usually on co-operation in basic scientific research;• India is actively engaged in international scientific programmes for transition to asustainable energy future, and this scientific co-operation will remain very importantfrom a long-term perspective;• As ideas progress from the laboratory closer towards the market, the focus shiftstowards technology design and development;• Mechanisms that enable joint technology development involving public and privatesector entities and with suitable norms for financing and IPR-sharing would beimportant for ensuring that the process of technology development and commercializationhappens more rapidly and effectively;• For technologies that are already mature and deployed in the developed countries,appropriate financing models are essential, which may become operational throughmultilateral institutions, carbon markets and mechanisms like CDM;• However, given the somewhat limited role that CDM appears to have played withregard to technology transfer, this issue will merit detailed examination, and newmodels and mechanisms for technology transfer will need to incorporate at leastthe following three key elements: appropriate funding modalities and approaches;a facilitative IPR environment; and enhancing the absorptive capacity withindeveloping countries;• New multilateral technology cooperation funds may be required that would financethe development, deployment, diffusion and transfer of technologies for both mitigationand adaptation to developing countries;• One of the barriers to technology adoption lies in the low absorptive capacities ofdeveloping countries; and• It is vital that mechanisms for technology transfer include measures that will enablethe enhancement of absorptive capacities, keeping in mind the targets of suchtechnology interventions.88