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Table 2-1: Indian renewable energy at a glanceRenewable energy systems Estimated potential Installed capacity(MW) (MW, Feb. 2012)A. Grid-connectedWind 48,500 16,179.00Small hydro 15,000 3,300.13Biomass power 16,881 1,142.60Co-generation – bagasse 5,000 1,952.53Waste to energy 2,700 73.46Solar PV and thermal (per sq. km) 50 481.48Total A 88,081 23,129.20B. Off-gridWaste to energy 92.93Biomass (non-bagasse cogeneration) 347.85Biomass gasifier 148.26Aero generators/hybrid systems 1.45Solar PV (>1kW) 81.01Total B* 671.50Total (A + B) 23,800.70Note: * Watermills/micro-hydel units numbering 2,025 have not been taken into account.(Source: MNRE)energy production. There are many technology and management issues in the Indiancontext for up-scaling grid-connected wind energy to its full potential. A positive featureis a strong manufacturing base of wind equipment. Higher capacities require largerblades with taller towers along with associated material and mechanical factors. Newtechnologies on variable-speed generators involving different types of generators (DFIG,PMSG) and power electronic converters need to be researched, adapted and indigenized.A comprehensive study on relative options for such applications and the extent ofindigenization and global cooperation is indeed warranted. A study on the interfacing ofsuch wind systems with the Indian grid is another critical need. While the estimatedpotential of wind energy systems is 50 GW, assuming 2 per cent of land availability,undeveloped sites are in low wind (4-8 m/s) regimes with poor evacuation and transportinfrastructure.2. Small hydropowerSmall hydro systems have great promise in India. About 30,000 MW of the total hydrocapacity of nearly 100,000 MW may be tapped for small hydro category, which requiresminimal civil works and has little environmental impact. They are classified as mini (afew MW), micro (20 kW to 1 MW) and pico (up to 20 kW). Higher capacity systemsare grid-connected while the lower ones can be off-grid to energize local isolatedcommunities. Grid-connected systems are fairly standardized with mature deployabletechnologies and enough local industry base in terms of turbines, generators andother equipment.44