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for future requirements should be through a transparent competitive bidding mechanismthat follows process as per the guidelines issued by the Union Government. Thecompetitive bidding mechanism allows for the bidder to bid on a competitive returnbasis and the process is transparent and time-bound. All new public sector projectswill have to take the competitive bidding route.In general, State Regulatory Commissions have been hesitant to increase tariffs, withsome states going without tariff hikes for up to 7-8 years (Figure 3-32). T&D losseshave decreased over the last six years but still are more than 25 per cent, with onlyAndhra Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu achieving losses less than 20 percent. Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh utilities have T&D losses of morethan 40 per cent (Figure 3-33).Figure 3-32: Average retail tariff in selected Indian statesAverage unit price (Rs)5.004.003.00MaharashtraRajasthanGujaratTamil NaduKarnatakaAndhra Pradesh2.002006-20072007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011Financial yearsFigure 3-33: T&D losses in selected Indian states (2004-2009)35Loss (per cent)3025202004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009YearsThe financial health of most state utilities is deteriorating. At the end of 2009-10, all thestate utilities together registered a loss of Rs 820 billion (Table 3-13). The five states of124
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh contributed75 per cent of the losses in 2009-10, which account for 40 per cent of total sales inIndia. The tariff hikes proposed are not consistent with rise in costs of distributionutilities, and only the state utilities in Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Delhi and Gujarat continueto be profit-making. Public sector banks finance more than 70 per cent of the losses.Table 3-13: Combined revenue and losses of state utilitiesParticulars (Rs billion)Financial years2009-2010 2008-2009 2007-2008 2006-2007 2005-2006 TotalRevenue 1,500 1,340 1,190 1,070 900 6,000Subsidies 300 250 170 130 120 970Other income 70 60 60 50 50 290Total income 1,870 1,650 1,420 1,250 1,070 7,260Total expenditure 2,140 1,910 1,560 1,350 1,120 8,080Net loss before subsidies (570) (510) (310) (230) (170) (1,790)Net loss after subsidies (270) (260) (140) (100) (50) (820)B. Fuel scenario – the need for advanced technologiesWith coal production remaining stagnant, demand for coal rose by about 8 per cent peryear during the 11 th FYP, and is expected to rise further through the 12 th FYP. Importdependence by the end of the 12 th Plan is expected to increase (Table 3-14).Table 3-14: Projected primary commercial energy requirementFuel 2010-11 (mtoe) 2016-17 (mtoe)Oil 164.32 204.8of which imports 125.5 (76.4%) 164.8 (80.5%)Natural Gas & LNG 57.99 87.22of which imports 10.99 (19%) 24.8 (28.4%)Coal 272.86 406.78of which imports 54 (19.8%) 90 (22.1%)Lignite 9.52 14Hydro 10.31 14.85of which imports 0.48 (4.6%) 0.52 (3.5%)Nuclear 6.86 9.14Renewables 0.95 1.29Total energy 522.81 738.07Total imports 190.97 280.12Percentage of total 36.53 37.95125
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ADVANCES IN FOSSIL FUELTECHNOLOGIES
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ADVANCES IN FOSSIL FUELTECHNOLOGIES
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CONTENTSABBREVIATIONSiiiPART ONEREP
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ABBREVIATIONSAC : Alternating curre
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OECD : Organization for Economic Co
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IORGANIZATION OF THE WORKSHOPA. Bac
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D. Election of officersThe followin
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IIICONSIDERATION OF ISSUESA. Backgr
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emissions. Underground coal gasific
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800 MWe, a steam pressure of 300 kg
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• Materials development & manufac
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Figure 1-5: Strategy for commercial
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tonnes, the state-owned enterprise
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• Ensuring not just easy FDI entr
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MW ultra-supercritical units; and s
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the captive generation capacity) on
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and other financial institutions -
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and higher efficiency power generat
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energy technologies, which can enab
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• Such massive financial inputs c
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BASELINE REPORT ON FOSSIL FUEL TECH
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B. General R&D climate in the count
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a convenient way to envisage energy
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to mature and become more cost-comp
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emissions, at least relative to sin
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The Ministry of Power (MoP), which
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3. Bio-energyBio-energy, widely ava
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in such a canal will rotate at a lo
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in tackling climate change. A one p
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Advantages of supercritical plants
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existing power plants but also to b
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BASELINE REPORT ON FOREIGN DIRECT I
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CEA at 598 mt. This is mainly due t
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For India to maintain its momentum
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Table 2-5: Electricity generation t
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Growth, which submitted its interim
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3. Future challengesThe future chal
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development worked out. Public-priv
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Linking FDI to technology transferI
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The total requirement of fund durin
Page 83 and 84: Funding from multilateral agenciesM
Page 85 and 86: cooperation will be essential in so
Page 87: Planning Commission, Government of
Page 90 and 91: ANNEX I:LIST OF PARTICIPANTSMr. A.K
Page 92 and 93: Mr. S.C. Shrivastava, Joint Chief (
Page 94 and 95: ANNEX II:PROGRAMME6 June 2012, Wedn
Page 96 and 97: ANNEX III:AN OVERVIEW OF ADVANCED F
Page 98 and 99: • Technology solutions are also v
Page 100 and 101: Table 3-5: Improvement in cycle eff
Page 102 and 103: • No liquid effluent formation;
Page 104 and 105: Figure 3-5: Advancement of gas turb
Page 106 and 107: Figure 3-8: Goal 2 - New clean tech
Page 108 and 109: Compared with conventional power pl
Page 110 and 111: Figure 3-14: Thermax coal gasificat
Page 112 and 113: ANNEX VII:GE ENERGY AND ADVANCED FO
Page 114 and 115: ANNEX VIII:SWOT ANALYSIS OF FOSSIL
Page 116 and 117: By 2035, cumulative CO 2emissions f
Page 118 and 119: • Falling prices of renewable ene
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-20: New advanced coal powe
Page 122 and 123: ANNEX X:ENERGY CONSERVATION: ERDA
Page 124 and 125: Table 3-11: Energy cost and intensi
Page 126 and 127: 300Figure 3-23: Trends in coal use
Page 128 and 129: C. Gaps in coal use efficiencyFigur
Page 130 and 131: ANNEX XII:FINANCING OF THE POWER SE
Page 132 and 133: With the entry of many private sect
Page 136 and 137: Short supply of coal has started af
Page 138: Figure 3-35: Life-cycle of technolo
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