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step, the domestic manufacturing obligations on the line of bulk tendering carriedout by NTPC for 800/660 MW sets could be stipulated for the power projects beingawarded for the benefit of the 13 th FYP (2017-2022). Such a step will ensure thatindigenous vendor development is facilitated for high-tech supplies in the future.4. Role of various agenciesPolicy measures for equity participationThe Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) and the Pension FundRegulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) need to consider modifying their policyframework so as to channelize long-term funds available with insurance companiesand pension (provident) fund organizations. Profit-making central and state utilities inpower generation, transmission and distribution – such as NTPC, NHPC, POWERGRIDand NHDC Limited – should be encouraged to offer their company shares via the stockmarket.Sector-specific fundsThe Government of India introduced sector-specific funds with the specific objectivesof making funds available to a particular sector under respective funds. Some of thesefunds considered potential source of finance for the power sector are:• Specialized debt funds for infrastructure financing;• Creation of specialized long-term debt funds to cater to the needs of the infrastructuresector; and• A regulatory and tax environment suitable for attracting investments is the key forchannelizing long-term funds into infrastructure development. RBI has been askedto look into the feasibility of not treating investments by banks in such closeendeddebt funds as capital market exposure. IRDA may consider including investmentin registered debt funds as approved investments for insurance companies.Policy measures for take-out financing for ECB lendersRBI has stipulated guidelines for take-out financing through ECB policy. The guidelinesspecify that corporates developing infrastructure projects (including power projects)should have a tripartite agreement with domestic banks and recognized overseas lendersfor conditional or unconditional take-out of the loan within three years of the scheduledcommercial operation day. As the market conditions cannot be predicted, a window of6-12 months is suggested. Further, the guidelines stipulate that the loan should havea minimum average maturity period of seven years. It is suggested that the minimumaverage maturity period stipulated should be aligned to maturity profiles of ECB aboveUS$20 million and up to US$500 million – that is, minimum average maturity of fiveyears as stipulated in RBI Master Circular.IIIPOTENTIAL FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONSignificant understanding at the international level would be necessary to ensure thatglobal cooperation helps reduce the carbon intensity in power generation. International74
cooperation will be essential in some technology areas, and developed countries willneed to provide the lead in low-carbon technologies. A major effort to realize this wouldbe required at the level of both the government and the industry.WEC has projected that decades will be required, even with the most effective applicationof policy and technologies, to achieve significant sustainable reduction in CO 2emissionsfrom the world’s energy economy in large part because of the time and cost involved inreplacing existing and building new infrastructure. According to IEA, “Just to keeppace with the world’s growing energy demands will require US$800 billion per year ofinvestment over the 25 year period i.e. 2007-2032”. It is possible to chart out a roadmap, enabling the world to meet this challenge in three stages. Many an expert believesthat a major proportion of investments of US$800 billion per year over the 25 yearsperiod will be in India and China.The first two of these stages are expected to be completed by 2030 and call for: (a)lower carbon intensity in energy production and use, particularly in the electricity sector;and (b) carbon capture and storage. This can only be facilitated by intelligent electricitydelivery technology, along with the broad commercial introduction of advances in cleancoal technology, particularly in rapidly industrializing nations such as China and India.Predicting the effect of policy options on future GHG emissions requires a soundunderstanding of the global economy, the technologies and processes that emit or havethe capacity to reduce emissions, and the inter-relationship that exist between them.The long-term sustainability of an international mechanism that imposes costs onsovereign states depends on the international community’s confidence in theirgovernments and belief that costs are distributed equitably. Transparency of process,emissions reduction performance and appropriate accountability provision in case offailure to comply with requirements are necessary to underpin international confidencein governance and equity.IVCONCLUSIONSThis baseline study has drawn the following conclusions:1. Coal will remain an important primary energy source – The abundance, affordabilityand availability of coal, and other fossil resources as well, have determined that it willremain an important primary energy source for decades to come. Low-carbontechnologies and carbon capture and storage are considered the key enablingtechnologies to address carbon emissions from the continued use of fossil fuels.2. Investment mobilization should be feasible – An economy growing at 8 per centshould have little difficulty in mobilizing the needed resources particularly through publicprivatepartnerships. The main challenge, however, is to create efficient and financiallyviable energy sub-sectors so that investors have the incentive to invest in a competitiveset-up where consumers interest are simultaneously protected.3. Investment in the power generation sector offers a business opportunity – In its2006 report, the Integrated Energy Policy Expert Committee projected that, apart fromthe challenges of physically supplying different forms of energy, the investment75
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ADVANCES IN FOSSIL FUELTECHNOLOGIES
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ADVANCES IN FOSSIL FUELTECHNOLOGIES
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CONTENTSABBREVIATIONSiiiPART ONEREP
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ABBREVIATIONSAC : Alternating curre
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OECD : Organization for Economic Co
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IORGANIZATION OF THE WORKSHOPA. Bac
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D. Election of officersThe followin
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IIICONSIDERATION OF ISSUESA. Backgr
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emissions. Underground coal gasific
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800 MWe, a steam pressure of 300 kg
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• Materials development & manufac
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Figure 1-5: Strategy for commercial
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tonnes, the state-owned enterprise
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• Ensuring not just easy FDI entr
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MW ultra-supercritical units; and s
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the captive generation capacity) on
Page 34 and 35: and other financial institutions -
Page 36 and 37: and higher efficiency power generat
Page 38 and 39: energy technologies, which can enab
Page 40 and 41: • Such massive financial inputs c
Page 43 and 44: BASELINE REPORT ON FOSSIL FUEL TECH
Page 45 and 46: B. General R&D climate in the count
Page 47 and 48: a convenient way to envisage energy
Page 49 and 50: to mature and become more cost-comp
Page 51 and 52: emissions, at least relative to sin
Page 53 and 54: The Ministry of Power (MoP), which
Page 55 and 56: 3. Bio-energyBio-energy, widely ava
Page 57 and 58: in such a canal will rotate at a lo
Page 59 and 60: in tackling climate change. A one p
Page 61 and 62: Advantages of supercritical plants
Page 63 and 64: existing power plants but also to b
Page 65 and 66: BASELINE REPORT ON FOREIGN DIRECT I
Page 67 and 68: CEA at 598 mt. This is mainly due t
Page 69 and 70: For India to maintain its momentum
Page 71 and 72: Table 2-5: Electricity generation t
Page 73 and 74: Growth, which submitted its interim
Page 75 and 76: 3. Future challengesThe future chal
Page 77 and 78: development worked out. Public-priv
Page 79 and 80: Linking FDI to technology transferI
Page 81 and 82: The total requirement of fund durin
Page 83: Funding from multilateral agenciesM
Page 87: Planning Commission, Government of
Page 90 and 91: ANNEX I:LIST OF PARTICIPANTSMr. A.K
Page 92 and 93: Mr. S.C. Shrivastava, Joint Chief (
Page 94 and 95: ANNEX II:PROGRAMME6 June 2012, Wedn
Page 96 and 97: ANNEX III:AN OVERVIEW OF ADVANCED F
Page 98 and 99: • Technology solutions are also v
Page 100 and 101: Table 3-5: Improvement in cycle eff
Page 102 and 103: • No liquid effluent formation;
Page 104 and 105: Figure 3-5: Advancement of gas turb
Page 106 and 107: Figure 3-8: Goal 2 - New clean tech
Page 108 and 109: Compared with conventional power pl
Page 110 and 111: Figure 3-14: Thermax coal gasificat
Page 112 and 113: ANNEX VII:GE ENERGY AND ADVANCED FO
Page 114 and 115: ANNEX VIII:SWOT ANALYSIS OF FOSSIL
Page 116 and 117: By 2035, cumulative CO 2emissions f
Page 118 and 119: • Falling prices of renewable ene
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-20: New advanced coal powe
Page 122 and 123: ANNEX X:ENERGY CONSERVATION: ERDA
Page 124 and 125: Table 3-11: Energy cost and intensi
Page 126 and 127: 300Figure 3-23: Trends in coal use
Page 128 and 129: C. Gaps in coal use efficiencyFigur
Page 130 and 131: ANNEX XII:FINANCING OF THE POWER SE
Page 132 and 133: With the entry of many private sect
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for future requirements should be t
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Short supply of coal has started af
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Figure 3-35: Life-cycle of technolo
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