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• Large hydropower;• Refinery residue-based IGCC;• Imported coal-based IGCC;• High-efficiency CCG;• Indigenous coal-based IGCC;• Normal CCGT;• Ultra-supercritical boiler; and• Supercritical boiler.The above-mentioned technologies could result in reducing coal consumption by 122mt of oil equivalent by 2031.As part of the National Mission for Development of Clean Coal (carbon technologies),BHEL and NTPC have come together to develop advanced ultra-supercritical (Adv-USC) technology in association with Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR).BHEL has also established an R&D gateway at IIT Madras Research Park for promotingresearch in Adv-USC power cycles and high-temperature materials.5. Investment in clean energyThe flow of private investments into India’s clean energy sector rose 54 per cent tomore than US$10 billion in 2011, making the second highest growth rate for suchinvestments among the G-20 nations. The National Solar Mission was the main driverfor such a jump in clean energy investments.The Working Group on Power for the 12 th FYP has assessed that the power sectorwould require an investment of Rs 13,725.8 billion (US$269.83 billion) including Rs1,351 billion (US$26.56 billion) for renewable energy during 2012-2017. Half of thisinvestment is required for power generation capacity addition. At Rs 60 million perMW, coal-based power generation of 62,695 MW will need an investment of Rs 3,761.7billion (US$73.95 billion). As 23,940 MW (or 38 per cent of thermal capacity) will be ofsupercritical type, the investment for supercritical power plants will be Rs 1,429.45billion (US$28 billion). The 63,400 MW of coal-based power generation during the 13 thFYP will need a further investment of about Rs 3,804 billion (US$74.78 billion), all of itgoing for supercritical power plants.Thus, the investment requirement for over the next 10 years (2012-2022) will be aboutRs 7,566 billion (US$148.73 billion) for coal-based power generation, out of which Rs5,250 billion (US$103.2 billion) will be for supercritical power plants.India has focused on enhancing energy efficiency in the short term. However, the goalof technology development through R&D needs to be supported in the long term. TheNational Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) has been created for funding research andinnovative projects in clean energy technology. To build the corpus of NCEF, a cleanenergy cess of Rs.50/tonne is levied on indigenous and imported coal. More than Rs31.24 billion (US$614 million) had been collected from the coal cess in 2010-11, andthe corpus under the fund is expected to exceed Rs 65 billion (US$1,278 million) in2011-12. The NCEF corpus needs to be leveraged and the R&D plan for technology66