lifelong learning and distance higher education - Asia Pacific Region

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Explanatory notesVirtual universityIn this article, the virtual university means co-operation between universities and otherpartners with a view to the production and supply of internationally competitive, highstandardeducational services by means of intensified university networking, a diversifiedprovision of top-quality education and research, the development of relevant pedagogicknow-how, innovative application of ICT to teaching, and an attractive alternative toordinary higher education.University of the Third Age (UTA)The university programmes for the third age are a special form of open university.Their aim is to impart knowledge of topical research findings to older people, as well asto offer them opportunities for independent studies at the university level without formalqualification requirements. The University of the Third Age (UTA) is a meeting place forscientific knowledge and life experience.All the UTAs in Finland are connected with the universities. In some cases theprogrammes are arranged jointly with local summer universities. UTA programmes havebeen extremely popular in Finland from the outset. The total number of participants eachyear is about 4400 older people, 80 per cent of whom are women. The average age of theparticipants is 69 years, their basic education varying from primary level to tertiary.Lifelong learningLifelong learning is at the heart of Finnish national education policy. Degree structureshave been planned to be compatible at the national level, and individual learning pathshave also been made available across the board, including in universities. The creditsystem has made the modular structure possible and university students can combinework and studies fairly freely. The university degree reform in autumn 2005 will furtherenhance lifelong learning opportunities in higher education.Diploma SupplementThe Finnish universities and polytechnics have adopted the international DiplomaSupplement, which has been jointly designed by the EU, the Council of Europe andUNESCO to provide information about the studies completed by the student, the statusof the degree and the qualification provided by the degree for further studies and for jobs.In Finland the universities and polytechnics have a statutory duty to issue a DiplomaSupplement to the student on request.THE CONTRIBUTORMarja KylämäCounsellor for Education, University Division, Ministry of Education, FinlandE-mail: marja.kylama@minedu.fi120
CHAPTER 10PROMOTING CROSS-BORDERRECOGNITION AND MOBILITYDEVELOPMENTS IN THE NETHERLANDSJindra Divis, Astrid Scholten and Anne Marie MakCHAPTER SUMMARYReliable and transparent information about national systems of education – especiallyabout national quality assurance and accreditation mechanisms – are of great importancefor the promotion of cross-border recognition and mobility. The term cross-bordereducation refers to (a) programmes offered by an educational institution in one countrythat can be followed by students from abroad, or (b) education provided by a crossnationalgroup of co-operating institutions for students from various countries. Providersof e-learning study programmes (i.e. distance learning programmes supported by thenew information and communication technologies) should try to gain access to nationaleducation systems or, if this is not possible, jointly define quality standards and criteria.For “consumers” of (distance) education – students and employers – but also credentialevaluators and administrators at other educational institutions, it is important to knowwhat the quality status of a given study programme is. Transparency instruments, such asthe Diploma Supplement and the European Credit Transfer System, can be of additionalhelp in enhancing recognition of e-learning. To further enhance international recognitionof all forms of lifelong learning the practice, of international credential evaluation shouldbe combined with instruments for prior learning assessment and recognition.INTRODUCTIONTo promote incoming and outgoing mobility it is of the utmost importance that countriesprovide reliable and transparent information on their national systems of education.This includes information on quality assurance and accreditation systems, how thesesystems work and who is responsible for what. The quality and (accreditation) statusof an institution or a specific programme are among the basic questions that students,employers and others want answered. The above is also of importance for distancehigher education, especially for the study programmes that are offered cross bordersusing new information and communication technologies (ICTs). ICT-supported distance121
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PERSPECTIVES ONDISTANCE EDUCATIONLi
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The Commonwealth of Learning (COL)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIn addition to the
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These are some of the issues that a
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What are the trends and issues in l
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of policy implications relating to
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evince important differences that c
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inequitable regulations governing t
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associations and groups of countrie
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THE CONTRIBUTORChristopher McIntosh
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INTRODUCTIONIn his 1996 report to U
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Lastly, our analysis of the situati
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diploma or similar certificates of
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force of the undertaking. Here agai
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RELEVANT INTERNET SITESUNESCO Task
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Notes1. This phrasing has been used
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goals (Daniel, 1996). Lifelong lear
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eported that group activity had red
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NEW AREAS FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION:WO
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targets systematically for the use
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Rausch, A.S. (2003). A case study o
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correspondence teaching systems tha
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significant differences between syn
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In distance flexible- and blended-e
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STATE-FUNDED DUAL-MODE SYSTEMS ATUN
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Table 4.2: Fundable elements in dis
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sciences in 21 countries of the reg
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How a system is funded depends in p
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Litto, Fredric M. (2004). Digital l
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CHAPTER 5LIFELONG LEARNING IN THE A
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education, which was initiated by C
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So the virtual classroom acted as a
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In June 2002, when the course came
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RELEVANT INTERNET SITESFORCIIR proj
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11. The approximate rate for 1€ w
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The term modern distance education
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Page 75 and 76: important resource for undeveloped
Page 77 and 78: standards have been proposed for th
Page 79 and 80: The development of e-learning withi
Page 81 and 82: RELEVANT INTERNET SITESCCRTVU Onlin
Page 83 and 84: MoE (2004b) The Notice on Running N
Page 85 and 86: CHAPTER 7QUALITY ASSURANCE SURVEYOF
Page 87 and 88: (Paris, France, 28-29 June 2004) in
Page 89 and 90: Examples of elaborated QA policies:
Page 91 and 92: plans and produces its conventional
Page 93 and 94: SHTVU (China)• Teaching• Teachi
Page 95 and 96: offers its programmes to Turkish ci
Page 97 and 98: mega universities apply a set of st
Page 99 and 100: RELEVANT INTERNET SITESThe Commonwe
Page 101 and 102: 2. QA initiatives or publications b
Page 103 and 104: assurance of ODL. This DST will be
Page 105 and 106: Educational Planning has been respo
Page 107 and 108: A system of weighting of the key qu
Page 109 and 110: RELEVANT INTERNET SITESHigher Educa
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 9THE FINNISH VIRTUAL UNIVER
Page 113 and 114: foreign providers. In Finland, the
Page 115 and 116: to make the best use of new educati
Page 117 and 118: The foremost task for the Service U
Page 119 and 120: part of quality management. The aim
Page 121 and 122: online courses; an educational tech
Page 123: polytechnics, research institutions
Page 127 and 128: The Bologna Declaration was followe
Page 129 and 130: indicators currently being used for
Page 131 and 132: the qualification resulting from th
Page 133 and 134: Table 9.1: Outline of the portfolio
Page 135 and 136: • Make sure that incoming student
Page 137 and 138: CHAPTER 11CHARTING THE EVOLUTIONOF
Page 139 and 140: Another common characteristic was t
Page 141 and 142: the current capacity of the educati
Page 143 and 144: conditions for success. Conditions
Page 145 and 146: Cultural and ethical issues in inte
Page 147 and 148: the cost and maintenance of learnin
Page 149 and 150: Research can be a useful tool for c
Page 151 and 152: REFERENCESBates, A. (1995). Technol
Page 153 and 154: Twigg, C. (2001). Quality Assurance
Page 155 and 156: y, for example, entering into partn
Page 157 and 158: and even greater steps, and the dec
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