lifelong learning and distance higher education - Asia Pacific Region

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RELEVANT INTERNET SITESFor an example of how financing fits into a nation’s (South Africa´s) over-all plan forhigher education at a distance:www.che.ac.za/documents/d000070/index.phpFor an overview, prepared by the Asian Development Bank, of how the financing ofdistance learning in Asian countries currently stands:www.adb.org/Education/financing-edu.pdfFor an overview of the issues involved in deciding who should pay what part of the costsof distance learning in California community colleges:www.cccco.edu/divisions/esed/aa_ir/disted/attachments/08-2sdep.pdfFor a view of the plan for self-financing of Hong Kong’s Opening Learning Institute:http://www1.worldbank.org/disted/Management/Operations/bud-03.htmlFor an understanding of the financing of distance learning within the context of financingof higher education in general, see the World Bank report:www.esib.org/commodification/documents/financing_educatioN_WB.pdfFor the discussion and results of a meeting of university chancellors concerned with thefinancing and management of distance learning programmes:www.uwex.edu/chancellor/documents/sloan_report.pdfREFERENCESArizona Learning Systems (1998). Preliminary Cost Methodology for Distance Learning.Arizona Learning Systems and the State Board of Directors for CommunityColleges of Arizona.Bates, A. W. (2000). Managing Technological Change: Strategies for College andUniversity Leaders. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Publishers.Boettcher, J. V. (1999). How many students are just right in a web course? Available athttp://www,cren.net/~jboettch/number.htm .DiBiase, D. (2000). Is distance teaching more work or less?. American Journal ofDistance Education Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 6-20.Downes, Stephen (2001). Learning Objects: Resources for distance education worldwide.International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, Vol. 2, No. 1.Finkelstein, Martin J.; Frances, Carol; Jewett, Frank I.; and Scholz, Bernhard W. (2000).Dollars, Distance and Online Education: The new economics of collegeteaching and learning. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx.Hülsmann, Thomas (2000). The Costs of Open Learning: A Handbook. Oldenburg,Germany, Carl von Ossietsky Universität Oldenburg.Littlejohn, Alison (ed.) (2003). Reusing Online Resources. A Sustainable Approach toE-learning. London, Kogan Page.47
Litto, Fredric M. (2004). Digital libraries, developing countries, and continuingeducation: A case study in Brazil. Continuing Higher Education Review: Journalof the University Continuing Education Association, Vol. 68, pp. 78-86.Litto, Fredric M. (2002). The Hybridization of Distance Learning in Brazil — AnApproach Imposed by Culture. International Review of Research in Open andDistance Learning. Vol. 2, No. 2.Matkin, Gary W. (1997). Using Financial Information in Continuing Education:Accepted Methods and New Approaches. Phoenix, Arizona, Oryx Press.MacKenzie, N., Postgate, R. and Scupham, J. (1975). Open Learning. Systems andProblems in Post-Secondary Education. Paris, The UNESCO Press.Moran, L. and Rumble, G. (2004). Vocational Education and Training through Open andDistance Learning. London, RoutledgeFalmer.Ortner, Gerhard E., and Friedhelm Nikolmann. (eds.). (1999). Socio-Economics of VirtualUniversities: Experiences from Open and Distance Higher Education in Europe.Weinheim, Germany, Deutscher Studien Verlag.Parnell, Stephen (2002). Redefining the Cost and Complexity of Library Services forOpen and Distance Learning. International Review of Research in Open andDistance Learning, Vol. 3, No. 2.PricewaterhouseCoopers (2000). Business Model for the e-University: available throughwww.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/HEFCE/2000/00_44.htm .Rumble, G. (1997). The Costs and Economics of Open and Distance Learning. London,Kogan Page.Rumble, G. (2001). The Costs and Costing of Networked Learning. Journal ofAsynchronous Learning Networks, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 75-96. www.aln.org .Ryan, Y. (2004). Taking it to the world: The US private sector model. In: Moran, L.and G. Rumble (eds.) Vocational Education and Training through Open andDistance Learning. London, RoutledgeFalmer.Snowden, B.L. and Daniel, J.S. (1980). The Economics and Management of Small PostSecondary Distance Education Systems. Distance Education, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.61-7.Swinerton, E.N. and Hogan, T.P. (1981). A Tested Budget Model for a NontraditionalDegree Program. Madison, University of Wisconsin, mimeo.Valeiras, N., Gallino, M., and Crocco, L. (2005). El Origen de la Vida como TópicoGenerativo en la Enseñaza para la Comprensión. Journal of Science Education,Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 40-43.Whalen, T. and Wright, D. (1999). Methodology for Cost-benefit Analysis of Web-basedTele-learning: Case Study of the Bell Online Institute. American Journal ofDistance Education, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 24-44.48
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PERSPECTIVES ONDISTANCE EDUCATIONLi
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The Commonwealth of Learning (COL)
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIn addition to the
Page 7 and 8: These are some of the issues that a
Page 9 and 10: What are the trends and issues in l
Page 11 and 12: of policy implications relating to
Page 13 and 14: evince important differences that c
Page 15 and 16: inequitable regulations governing t
Page 17 and 18: associations and groups of countrie
Page 19 and 20: THE CONTRIBUTORChristopher McIntosh
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTIONIn his 1996 report to U
Page 23 and 24: Lastly, our analysis of the situati
Page 25 and 26: diploma or similar certificates of
Page 27 and 28: force of the undertaking. Here agai
Page 29 and 30: RELEVANT INTERNET SITESUNESCO Task
Page 31 and 32: Notes1. This phrasing has been used
Page 33 and 34: goals (Daniel, 1996). Lifelong lear
Page 35 and 36: eported that group activity had red
Page 37 and 38: NEW AREAS FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION:WO
Page 39 and 40: targets systematically for the use
Page 41 and 42: Rausch, A.S. (2003). A case study o
Page 43 and 44: correspondence teaching systems tha
Page 45 and 46: significant differences between syn
Page 47 and 48: In distance flexible- and blended-e
Page 49 and 50: STATE-FUNDED DUAL-MODE SYSTEMS ATUN
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.2: Fundable elements in dis
Page 53 and 54: sciences in 21 countries of the reg
Page 55: How a system is funded depends in p
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 5LIFELONG LEARNING IN THE A
Page 61 and 62: education, which was initiated by C
Page 63 and 64: So the virtual classroom acted as a
Page 65 and 66: In June 2002, when the course came
Page 67 and 68: RELEVANT INTERNET SITESFORCIIR proj
Page 69 and 70: 11. The approximate rate for 1€ w
Page 71 and 72: The term modern distance education
Page 73 and 74: the National Networked Consortium f
Page 75 and 76: important resource for undeveloped
Page 77 and 78: standards have been proposed for th
Page 79 and 80: The development of e-learning withi
Page 81 and 82: RELEVANT INTERNET SITESCCRTVU Onlin
Page 83 and 84: MoE (2004b) The Notice on Running N
Page 85 and 86: CHAPTER 7QUALITY ASSURANCE SURVEYOF
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Page 91 and 92: plans and produces its conventional
Page 93 and 94: SHTVU (China)• Teaching• Teachi
Page 95 and 96: offers its programmes to Turkish ci
Page 97 and 98: mega universities apply a set of st
Page 99 and 100: RELEVANT INTERNET SITESThe Commonwe
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Page 103 and 104: assurance of ODL. This DST will be
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A system of weighting of the key qu
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RELEVANT INTERNET SITESHigher Educa
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CHAPTER 9THE FINNISH VIRTUAL UNIVER
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foreign providers. In Finland, the
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to make the best use of new educati
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The foremost task for the Service U
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part of quality management. The aim
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online courses; an educational tech
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polytechnics, research institutions
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CHAPTER 10PROMOTING CROSS-BORDERREC
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The Bologna Declaration was followe
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indicators currently being used for
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the qualification resulting from th
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Table 9.1: Outline of the portfolio
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• Make sure that incoming student
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CHAPTER 11CHARTING THE EVOLUTIONOF
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Another common characteristic was t
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the current capacity of the educati
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conditions for success. Conditions
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Cultural and ethical issues in inte
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the cost and maintenance of learnin
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Research can be a useful tool for c
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REFERENCESBates, A. (1995). Technol
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Twigg, C. (2001). Quality Assurance
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y, for example, entering into partn
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and even greater steps, and the dec
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