RELEVANT INTERNET SITESFor an example of how financing fits into a nation’s (South Africa´s) over-all plan for<strong>higher</strong> <strong>education</strong> at a <strong>distance</strong>:www.che.ac.za/documents/d000070/index.phpFor an overview, prepared by the <strong>Asia</strong>n Development Bank, of how the financing of<strong>distance</strong> <strong>learning</strong> in <strong>Asia</strong>n countries currently st<strong>and</strong>s:www.adb.org/Education/financing-edu.pdfFor an overview of the issues involved in deciding who should pay what part of the costsof <strong>distance</strong> <strong>learning</strong> in California community colleges:www.cccco.edu/divisions/esed/aa_ir/disted/attachments/08-2sdep.pdfFor a view of the plan for self-financing of Hong Kong’s Opening Learning Institute:http://www1.worldbank.org/disted/Management/Operations/bud-03.htmlFor an underst<strong>and</strong>ing of the financing of <strong>distance</strong> <strong>learning</strong> within the context of financingof <strong>higher</strong> <strong>education</strong> in general, see the World Bank report:www.esib.org/commodification/documents/financing_educatioN_WB.pdfFor the discussion <strong>and</strong> results of a meeting of university chancellors concerned with thefinancing <strong>and</strong> management of <strong>distance</strong> <strong>learning</strong> programmes:www.uwex.edu/chancellor/documents/sloan_report.pdfREFERENCESArizona Learning Systems (1998). Preliminary Cost Methodology for Distance Learning.Arizona Learning Systems <strong>and</strong> the State Board of Directors for CommunityColleges of Arizona.Bates, A. W. (2000). Managing Technological Change: Strategies for College <strong>and</strong>University Leaders. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Publishers.Boettcher, J. V. (1999). How many students are just right in a web course? Available athttp://www,cren.net/~jboettch/number.htm .DiBiase, D. (2000). Is <strong>distance</strong> teaching more work or less?. American Journal ofDistance Education Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 6-20.Downes, Stephen (2001). Learning Objects: Resources for <strong>distance</strong> <strong>education</strong> worldwide.International Review of Research in Open <strong>and</strong> Distance Learning, Vol. 2, No. 1.Finkelstein, Martin J.; Frances, Carol; Jewett, Frank I.; <strong>and</strong> Scholz, Bernhard W. (2000).Dollars, Distance <strong>and</strong> Online Education: The new economics of collegeteaching <strong>and</strong> <strong>learning</strong>. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx.Hülsmann, Thomas (2000). The Costs of Open Learning: A H<strong>and</strong>book. Oldenburg,Germany, Carl von Ossietsky Universität Oldenburg.Littlejohn, Alison (ed.) (2003). Reusing Online Resources. A Sustainable Approach toE-<strong>learning</strong>. London, Kogan Page.47
Litto, Fredric M. (2004). Digital libraries, developing countries, <strong>and</strong> continuing<strong>education</strong>: A case study in Brazil. Continuing Higher Education Review: Journalof the University Continuing Education Association, Vol. 68, pp. 78-86.Litto, Fredric M. (2002). The Hybridization of Distance Learning in Brazil — AnApproach Imposed by Culture. International Review of Research in Open <strong>and</strong>Distance Learning. Vol. 2, No. 2.Matkin, Gary W. (1997). Using Financial Information in Continuing Education:Accepted Methods <strong>and</strong> New Approaches. Phoenix, Arizona, Oryx Press.MacKenzie, N., Postgate, R. <strong>and</strong> Scupham, J. (1975). Open Learning. Systems <strong>and</strong>Problems in Post-Secondary Education. Paris, The UNESCO Press.Moran, L. <strong>and</strong> Rumble, G. (2004). Vocational Education <strong>and</strong> Training through Open <strong>and</strong>Distance Learning. London, RoutledgeFalmer.Ortner, Gerhard E., <strong>and</strong> Friedhelm Nikolmann. (eds.). (1999). Socio-Economics of VirtualUniversities: Experiences from Open <strong>and</strong> Distance Higher Education in Europe.Weinheim, Germany, Deutscher Studien Verlag.Parnell, Stephen (2002). Redefining the Cost <strong>and</strong> Complexity of Library Services forOpen <strong>and</strong> Distance Learning. International Review of Research in Open <strong>and</strong>Distance Learning, Vol. 3, No. 2.PricewaterhouseCoopers (2000). Business Model for the e-University: available throughwww.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/HEFCE/2000/00_44.htm .Rumble, G. (1997). The Costs <strong>and</strong> Economics of Open <strong>and</strong> Distance Learning. London,Kogan Page.Rumble, G. (2001). The Costs <strong>and</strong> Costing of Networked Learning. Journal ofAsynchronous Learning Networks, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 75-96. www.aln.org .Ryan, Y. (2004). Taking it to the world: The US private sector model. In: Moran, L.<strong>and</strong> G. Rumble (eds.) Vocational Education <strong>and</strong> Training through Open <strong>and</strong>Distance Learning. London, RoutledgeFalmer.Snowden, B.L. <strong>and</strong> Daniel, J.S. (1980). The Economics <strong>and</strong> Management of Small PostSecondary Distance Education Systems. Distance Education, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.61-7.Swinerton, E.N. <strong>and</strong> Hogan, T.P. (1981). A Tested Budget Model for a NontraditionalDegree Program. Madison, University of Wisconsin, mimeo.Valeiras, N., Gallino, M., <strong>and</strong> Crocco, L. (2005). El Origen de la Vida como TópicoGenerativo en la Enseñaza para la Comprensión. Journal of Science Education,Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 40-43.Whalen, T. <strong>and</strong> Wright, D. (1999). Methodology for Cost-benefit Analysis of Web-basedTele-<strong>learning</strong>: Case Study of the Bell Online Institute. American Journal ofDistance Education, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 24-44.48
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PERSPECTIVES ONDISTANCE EDUCATIONLi
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The Commonwealth of Learning (COL)
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A system of weighting of the key qu
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RELEVANT INTERNET SITESHigher Educa
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CHAPTER 9THE FINNISH VIRTUAL UNIVER
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foreign providers. In Finland, the
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to make the best use of new educati
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The foremost task for the Service U
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part of quality management. The aim
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online courses; an educational tech
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polytechnics, research institutions
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CHAPTER 10PROMOTING CROSS-BORDERREC
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The Bologna Declaration was followe
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indicators currently being used for
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the qualification resulting from th
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Table 9.1: Outline of the portfolio
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• Make sure that incoming student
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CHAPTER 11CHARTING THE EVOLUTIONOF
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Another common characteristic was t
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the current capacity of the educati
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conditions for success. Conditions
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Cultural and ethical issues in inte
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the cost and maintenance of learnin
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Research can be a useful tool for c
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REFERENCESBates, A. (1995). Technol
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Twigg, C. (2001). Quality Assurance
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y, for example, entering into partn
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and even greater steps, and the dec