TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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Information regarding the adherence to the ban on using the cold harpoon (Article III, paragraph 6)and abstinence from the use of the electric lance must, in addition, be taken in good faith, since thisis also not supplied by independently verified sources.There are no regulatory requirements for ‘avoiding excitement, pain or suffering’ in the ICRW, asthere are no maximum pursuit times, no limit on the number of weapons or bullets that can bedeployed on one animal, no upper limit on the acceptable time to death, no specific requirement forthe rate of instantaneous kills and indeed, in many hunts, there is no upper limit on the number ofanimals that can be struck and lost (Anon 2003a). The only binding requirements on contractinggovernments consist of those listed in Table 1.ConclusionWhen assessing the welfare potential of whale killing methods using accepted principles of humaneslaughter, it is clear that current whaling operations have a low welfare potential, and are thereforelikely to cause severe pain and suffering in the hunted animal.Emerging international law governing the commercial slaughter of livestock animals has evolved overthe past quarter century or more and gained much momentum in the last five years. This emergingcustomary law may eventually become as binding upon countries as the ICRW itself. Currentnational and regional legislation imposes standards to avoid pain and suffering during slaughter. Thedevelopment of standards for the slaughter of livestock has shown that improvements in welfare aremost likely where strict enforcement exists. Such standards and mechanisms for enforcement arecurrently not available for modern whaling practices. However, even if such mechanisms were put inplace, due to the nature of whaling operations and the potential for poor welfare, it is consideredunlikely that the slaughter of whales for commercial or aboriginal subsistence purposes would be ableto comply with the standards now expected for the slaughter of livestock species.A COMPARISON BETWEEN SLAUGHTERHOUSES AND METHODS USED DURING WHALING101ReferencesAnon 1980. Report of the Workshop on Humane Killing Techniques for Whales. International WhalingCommission Report IWC/33/15.Anon 2003a. Welfare implications for ‘struck and lost’ cetaceans. Submitted by the UK to the IWC Workshopon Whale Killing Methods and Associated Welfare Issues. Berlin, Germany June 7-9, 2003. IWC/55/WK21.Anon 2003b. Evaluation of current methods used to kill whales in relation to species taken. Submitted by theUK to the IWC Workshop on Whale Killing Methods and Associated Welfare Issues. Berlin, Germany June 7-9,2003. IWC/55/WK20.Appleby, 1991. Do Hens Suffer In Battery Cages? The Athene Trust: Petersfield, UK.Broom, D.M. 2001. Evolution of pain. In: Pain: its nature and management in man and animals. Eds: Soulsby,Lord E.J.L. and Morton, D. Roy. Soc. Med. Int. Cong. Symp. Ser., 246, 17-25.Butterworth, A., Sadler, L., Knowles, T.G. and Kestin, S.C. 2003. Evaluating Possible Indicators of Insensibilityand Death in Cetacea. Submitted to the 2003 IWC Workshop on Whale Killing Methods and AssociatedWelfare Issues. IWC/55/WK4.Chairman’s Report 1978. Report of the International Whaling Commission 29: 32.Chairman’s Report 1979. Report of the International Whaling Commission 30: 36-37.
CIWF Trust, 2002. Farm Assurance Schemes: Can we trust them? Compassion In World Farming Trust:Petersfield, UK.Dawkins, 1980. Animal Suffering. London, Chapman and Hall.Druce C. and Lymbery P.J. 2001. Outlawed in Europe: Farm Animal Welfare – 30 Years of Progress in Europe.Animal Rights International. Washington.EU, 1993. Council Directive 93/199/EC of 22 December 1993 on the protection of animals at the time ofslaughter or killing. The Council of the European Union. Brussels, Belgium.FAWC 2003. Report on the Welfare of Farmed Animals at Slaughter or Killing. Part 1: Red Meat Animals. FarmAnimal Welfare Council, June 2003. London: United Kingdom.Gregory, N.G. & Lowe, T.E. 1999. Expectations and Legal Requirements for Stunning and Slaughter inSlaughterhouses. Submitted to the 1999 IWC Workshop on Whale Killing Mehtods.IWC/51/WK1.Iggo, A. 1984. Pain in Animals. Hume Memorial Lecture. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, PottersBar, UK.Ishikawa H. 2002. Report on Whale Killing Methods in the 2001/2002 JARPA. Submitted by Japan to the2002 Working Group on Whale Killing Methods and Associated Welfare Issues. IWC/54/WKM&AWI 11.Kestin, S.C. 1995. Welfare Aspects of the Commercial Slaughter of Whales. Animal Welfare, 4: 11-27. UFAW:Potters Bar, UK.Knudsen S.K. and Øen E.O. 2003. Blast-induced neurotrauma in whales. Neuroscience Research 46:377-386.102A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN WHALING ACTIVITIESMaas B. 2003. The potential stress effects of whaling operations and the welfare implications for huntedcetaceans. Submitted to the IWC Workshop on Whale Killing Methods and Associated Welfare Issues. Berlin,Germany. June 7-9 2003. IWC/55/WK19.MAFF 1995. The Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) Regulations 1995. Statutory Instrument 1995 No.731. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food, London, UK.Stachowitsch M. and Brakes P. 2003. Review of secondary killing methods employed for whales hunted underspecial permit, commercial and aboriginal subsistence whaling. Submitted by Austria and co-sponsored by NewZealand to the IWC Workshop on Whale Killing Methods and Associated Welfare Issues. Berlin, Germany. June7-9, 2003. IWC/55/WK22.Tansey, G. & D’Silva, J. 1999. The Meat Business: Devouring a Hungry Planet. Earthscan: London, UK.van Liere D. W. 2003. Sea and weather conditions in an area V region in the Southern Ocean Sanctuary withspecial reference to whale killing methods. Submitted by the Netherlands to the IWC Workshop on WhaleKilling Methods. Berlin, Germany. June 7-9 2003. IWC/55/WK3.Wotton, S. 2001. Principles and Methods of Humane Slaughter. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International AnimalFeeds and Veterinary Drugs Congress. Metro Manila, Philippines, May 30-June 2 2001.WSPA 2003. Race to the Top Animal Welfare Module Briefing Paper. World Society for the Protection ofAnimals (WSPA) on www.racetothetop.orgFootnotes1 An exception is made for religious purposes, although even then a specified procedure is required (Gregoryand Lowe 1999).2 Resolution NO. XIV, Animal Welfare Mandate of the OIE May 2002.3 IWC/55/WK12 – Times to death in the Greenlandic minke and fin whale hunt in 2002.
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ForewordWhales are highly evolved a
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1 Executive SummaryThis review exam
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2 A background to whalingPhilippa B
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y the weapon’s enormous recoil, w
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Japan currently whales in the Antar
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Otto, K. 1997. Animal Pain Behaviou
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Protecting the welfare of animals i
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Toothed whales (Odontoceti)Toothed
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Social behaviourMother-calf pairsOn
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to store and pass on information to
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Communication in great whalesThe mo
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Self-awarenessOne of the most compe
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J.G.M. Thewissen), pp. 158-162. Aca
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Whitehead, H., Waters, S. and Lyrho
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humanitarian purposes the time take
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Welfare and the modern IWCFrom 1980
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1996 UK proposes guidelines for col
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Section TwoWhale killing6 Commercia
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Table 1 Commercial, special permit
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It can be argued that the figures f
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Since struck and lost whales can in
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equipment to Russian subsistence wh
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This is the time from the throwing
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Table 3 Aboriginal Subsistence Whal
Page 56 and 57: International Aid For Korean Animal
Page 58 and 59: 29 In Resolution 1999-1, the IWC no
Page 60 and 61: For example, Greenland and the Faro
Page 62 and 63: the past they made an important con
Page 64 and 65: however, has been made on the exten
Page 66 and 67: hunt indicate that the whales are s
Page 68 and 69: 8 Weather, sea condition and shipmo
Page 70 and 71: chance of fog decreases from 15 to
Page 72 and 73: experienced in December, or y could
Page 74: 9 The potential stress effects ofwh
Page 77 and 78: Both chase and pursuit cause stress
Page 79 and 80: and manifest in a series of lethal
Page 81 and 82: Ridgeway, S. H. (1966). Dall porpoi
Page 83 and 84: 10 Euthanasia of cetaceansPhilippa
Page 85 and 86: for the task. The correct target ar
Page 87 and 88: whales the size of minke whales (Ø
Page 89 and 90: 11 Review of criteria for determini
Page 91 and 92: It is apparent from Figure 1, that,
Page 93 and 94: interpreted criteria, comparisons o
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Page 97 and 98: 12 A comparison betweenslaughterhou
Page 99 and 100: include levels of premature mortali
Page 101 and 102: the emphasis during some whaling op
Page 103 and 104: affect an immediate and thereby law
Page 105: Table 1 Animal welfare and the Sche
Page 109 and 110: 13 Ethics and whaling under special
Page 111 and 112: Table 1. Consideration of the 3Rs i
Page 113 and 114: skin samples, without the need for
Page 115 and 116: IWC (2001) Report of the Scientific
Page 117 and 118: Whales and the lawCetaceans (and wh
Page 119 and 120: scientific and technical committees
Page 121 and 122: ASCOBANS came into force in 1994. F
Page 123 and 124: The Treaty of the Panama Canal, ena
Page 125 and 126: 2 As a result, their need for prote
Page 127 and 128: law says, but also the extent to wh
Page 129 and 130: 15 Whaling and welfarePhilippa Brak
Page 131 and 132: commercial whaling. Times to death
Page 133 and 134: eath). Using the current criteria t
Page 135 and 136: possibility of establishing a simil
Page 137 and 138: international customary law and exi
Page 139 and 140: 16 Summary of conclusionsModern day
Page 141 and 142: Glossary136A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE
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Page 145 and 146: Appendix IIColour plates©Mark Voti
Page 147 and 148: 142A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
Page 149 and 150: Figure 13. Processing minke whales
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