TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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SECTION THREEWhaling in the twenteth cemnturySection ThreeWhaling in thetwenty-first centurySECTION ONE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY12 A comparison between slaughterhouse standards91and methods used during whaling 509213 Ethics and whaling under special permit 5010414 Legal precedents for whale protection 50111WHALE WATCH.org
12 A comparison betweenslaughterhouse standards andmethods used during whalingPhilip Lymbery, Director of Communications, World Society for the Protection of Animals(WSPA), London, UK.Philippa Brakes, Marine Consultant, c/o WDCS (Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society),Chippenham, UK.Kitty Block, Special Counsel to the UN & Treaties Dept., the Humane Society of the UnitedStates (the HSUS), Washington DC, US.92A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN WHALING ACTIVITIESWhen animals are slaughtered for food it is considered important in many societies that, for ethicalreasons, the process used does not cause unnecessary suffering (Wotton, 2001). A killing method thatis truly painless and causes minimal distress to the animal can be classified as humane slaughter. Thefollowing chapter examines the regulation of slaughter and methodologies used in the slaughter oflivestock and compares these with methods used during the slaughter of whales. An assessment ismade of the welfare impact of the different methodologies employed.The guiding principle for the humane slaughter of livestock is the achievement of an immediate stateof unconsciousness in the animal, followed by rapid progression to death, and this ‘best practice’principle is enforced by legislation in many countries. In a study by Gregory and Lowe (1999), it wasfound that in the majority of countries reviewed, there was a requirement for the humane treatmentof animals prior to, and during slaughter, with emphasis on induction of insensibility with a stunningprocedure in order to avoid suffering during the slaughter process.Modern whaling activities fall outside current livestock legislation. Nonetheless, a legal argument canbe made that there is an emerging customary international legal requirement for the humaneslaughter and treatment of commercially slaughtered animals for human consumption. The meatfrom whaling operations, whether it is commercial, aboriginal subsistence or ‘special permit’, isultimately intended for human consumption. Even when cetaceans are killed during ‘research’activities, the meat is made available for human consumption. It is, therefore, legitimate to considerthe welfare implications of whale killing methods alongside slaughter practices for other ‘foodanimals’.National and international regulation of welfare at slaughterThe international community is showing a growing care and concern for the general welfare ofanimals. An enforced humane killing standard for animals whose meat is sold commercially isbecoming commonplace. Many states around the world have some type of humane slaughter laws orpractices. International organizations, European Union regulation and multi-lateral trade agreementsare codifying and improving upon these practices. More specifically, there is an emerging
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ForewordWhales are highly evolved a
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1 Executive SummaryThis review exam
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2 A background to whalingPhilippa B
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y the weapon’s enormous recoil, w
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Japan currently whales in the Antar
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Otto, K. 1997. Animal Pain Behaviou
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Protecting the welfare of animals i
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Toothed whales (Odontoceti)Toothed
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Social behaviourMother-calf pairsOn
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to store and pass on information to
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Communication in great whalesThe mo
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Self-awarenessOne of the most compe
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J.G.M. Thewissen), pp. 158-162. Aca
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Whitehead, H., Waters, S. and Lyrho
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humanitarian purposes the time take
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Welfare and the modern IWCFrom 1980
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1996 UK proposes guidelines for col
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Section TwoWhale killing6 Commercia
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Table 1 Commercial, special permit
Page 46 and 47: It can be argued that the figures f
Page 48 and 49: Since struck and lost whales can in
Page 50 and 51: equipment to Russian subsistence wh
Page 52 and 53: This is the time from the throwing
Page 54 and 55: Table 3 Aboriginal Subsistence Whal
Page 56 and 57: International Aid For Korean Animal
Page 58 and 59: 29 In Resolution 1999-1, the IWC no
Page 60 and 61: For example, Greenland and the Faro
Page 62 and 63: the past they made an important con
Page 64 and 65: however, has been made on the exten
Page 66 and 67: hunt indicate that the whales are s
Page 68 and 69: 8 Weather, sea condition and shipmo
Page 70 and 71: chance of fog decreases from 15 to
Page 72 and 73: experienced in December, or y could
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Page 77 and 78: Both chase and pursuit cause stress
Page 79 and 80: and manifest in a series of lethal
Page 81 and 82: Ridgeway, S. H. (1966). Dall porpoi
Page 83 and 84: 10 Euthanasia of cetaceansPhilippa
Page 85 and 86: for the task. The correct target ar
Page 87 and 88: whales the size of minke whales (Ø
Page 89 and 90: 11 Review of criteria for determini
Page 91 and 92: It is apparent from Figure 1, that,
Page 93 and 94: interpreted criteria, comparisons o
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Page 99 and 100: include levels of premature mortali
Page 101 and 102: the emphasis during some whaling op
Page 103 and 104: affect an immediate and thereby law
Page 105 and 106: Table 1 Animal welfare and the Sche
Page 107 and 108: CIWF Trust, 2002. Farm Assurance Sc
Page 109 and 110: 13 Ethics and whaling under special
Page 111 and 112: Table 1. Consideration of the 3Rs i
Page 113 and 114: skin samples, without the need for
Page 115 and 116: IWC (2001) Report of the Scientific
Page 117 and 118: Whales and the lawCetaceans (and wh
Page 119 and 120: scientific and technical committees
Page 121 and 122: ASCOBANS came into force in 1994. F
Page 123 and 124: The Treaty of the Panama Canal, ena
Page 125 and 126: 2 As a result, their need for prote
Page 127 and 128: law says, but also the extent to wh
Page 129 and 130: 15 Whaling and welfarePhilippa Brak
Page 131 and 132: commercial whaling. Times to death
Page 133 and 134: eath). Using the current criteria t
Page 135 and 136: possibility of establishing a simil
Page 137 and 138: international customary law and exi
Page 139 and 140: 16 Summary of conclusionsModern day
Page 141 and 142: Glossary136A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE
Page 143 and 144: 138A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
Page 145 and 146: Appendix IIColour plates©Mark Voti
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142A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
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Figure 13. Processing minke whales
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TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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