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Ishikawa, H. and Mogoe, T. 2003. Report of experiments to compare Norwegian and Japanese penthritegrenades and improvement of the Japanese grenade in the Japanese Whales Research Programs. Submitted byJapan to the 2003 IWC Workshop on Whale Killing Methods and Associated Welfare Issues. IWC/55/WK23.Kuraev, S. 2000. Letter from the State Committee of the Russian Federation For Environmental Protection.Submitted to the 2000 IWC Working Group on Whale Killing Methods and Associated Welfare Issues.Adelaide, Australia. IWC/52/WKM&AWI5.Marsh, N. and Bamber, C. 1999. Development of a specialised round and firearm for the humane euthanasia ofstranded sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in New Zealand. Submitted to the 1999 IWC Workshop onWhale Killing Methods. IWC/51/WK5.RSPCA 1997. Stranded Cetaceans: guidelines for veterinary surgeons. Royal Society for the Prevention of Crueltyof Animals, West Sussex, UK.Stachowitsch, M. and Brakes, P. 2003. Review of secondary killing methods employed for whales hunted underspecial permit, commercial whaling and aboriginal subsistence whaling. Submitted by Austria and co-sponsoredby New Zealand, to the IWC Workshop on Whale Killing Methods and Associated Welfare Issues. Berlin,Germany. June 7-9 2003. IWC/55/WK22.Suisted, R. 1999. National Standard Template for the construction of Area Office Marine Mammal StrandingContingency Plans, Standard Operating Procedure. Department of Conservation, PO-Box 10-420, Wellington,New Zealand.Øen, E.O. and Knudsen, S.K. 2003. Euthanasia of whales: wounding effect of rifle calibre. 375 and .458 roundnosed full metal jacketed bullets on minke whale central nervous system. Submitted by Norway to the IWCWorkshop on Whale Killing Methods and Associated Welfare Issues. Berlin, Germany. 7-9 June 2003.IWC/55/WK15.EUTHANASIA OF CETACEANS83Footnotes1 Note that DoC does not recommend the use of drugs for euthanasing stranded cetaceans, due to concernsrelating to the disposal of contaminated carcasses.2 Japan reported that during the 2000/2001 JARPA hunt in the Antarctic the “relatively bad sea conditions andlarger body size of whales” taken in areas V and VI were responsible for the longer times to death than in areasIII and IV (Ishikawa 2001).3 This was evidenced by data from Japan, presented in 2003, which demonstrated that a swifter kill wasachieved for minke whales less than 7.5 metres in length (Ishikawa and Mogoe 2003).4 Stachowitsch and Brakes note that despite the 9.3mm recommendation by Norway, more that one bullet isoften required.
11 Review of criteria for determiningdeath and insensibility in cetaceaAndrew Butterworth, Research Fellow, Clinical Veterinary Science, University of BristolVeterinary School, Langford, N Somerset, BS40 5DU, UK84A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN WHALING ACTIVITIESThe technology used for killing whales has altered little since the invention of the grenade tippedharpoon in 1840, the only significant change being the introduction of penthrite explosive(pentaerythritol tetranitrite) rather than black powder in the grenade – chapters 2 and 6 detail thedevelopment of the killing ‘technique’. For an assessment of the welfare implications of anycommercial slaughtering process, accurate knowledge of the ‘time to death’ (TTD) is a valuablemeasure because it allows a reference point for the period during which the animal could potentiallysuffer. In the commercial slaughter of various farmed species (e.g. cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry),techniques have been developed to reduce the time between the application of the stunning method,the point of insensibility, and the time of death induced by bleeding out (chapter 12). For whaleshunted at sea and killed by harpoon, such fine ‘control’ of the killing environment is not likely to bepossible. However, for an informed discussion on the potential for suffering, it is important todetermine the point at which the dying whale becomes insensible to pain, and the point at which itdies. If the time between harpoon impact and insensibility is prolonged there is the potential forsignificant suffering.Recognising the need for data in this area, an International Whaling Commission (IWC) Workshopon Humane Killing Techniques was held in Cambridge, UK in 1980, and defined three criteriawhich could be used by observers onboard whaling vessels to establish the time of death in huntedwhales:• Relaxation of the lower jaw; or• No flipper movement; or• Sinking without active movement (IWC 1980).Subsequently, various interpretations of these criteria have been made in IWC documents:Muscles relaxed; mouth opened wide; or Lower jaw drifted in the waves (IWC 1994).Relaxation of the mandible; cessation of flipper movement; or Sinking without any active swimming(IWC 1999).The IWC criteria for the death of the whale are ‘exclusive’ – any single criteria can be met for theanimal to be deemed dead, and for a time from harpoon impact to time of death (TTD) to berecorded. The whaling nations are requested to submit data on killing methods and killing efficiencyto the IWC annually. Analysis of recently collected data which uses the three point criteria describedabove indicate that the TTD for the approximately 1,300 minke whales killed annually by the
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ForewordWhales are highly evolved a
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1 Executive SummaryThis review exam
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2 A background to whalingPhilippa B
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y the weapon’s enormous recoil, w
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Japan currently whales in the Antar
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Otto, K. 1997. Animal Pain Behaviou
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Protecting the welfare of animals i
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Toothed whales (Odontoceti)Toothed
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Social behaviourMother-calf pairsOn
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to store and pass on information to
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Communication in great whalesThe mo
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Self-awarenessOne of the most compe
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J.G.M. Thewissen), pp. 158-162. Aca
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Whitehead, H., Waters, S. and Lyrho
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humanitarian purposes the time take
Page 38 and 39: Welfare and the modern IWCFrom 1980
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Page 42 and 43: Section TwoWhale killing6 Commercia
Page 44 and 45: Table 1 Commercial, special permit
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Page 48 and 49: Since struck and lost whales can in
Page 50 and 51: equipment to Russian subsistence wh
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Page 54 and 55: Table 3 Aboriginal Subsistence Whal
Page 56 and 57: International Aid For Korean Animal
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Page 60 and 61: For example, Greenland and the Faro
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Page 66 and 67: hunt indicate that the whales are s
Page 68 and 69: 8 Weather, sea condition and shipmo
Page 70 and 71: chance of fog decreases from 15 to
Page 72 and 73: experienced in December, or y could
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Page 77 and 78: Both chase and pursuit cause stress
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Page 81 and 82: Ridgeway, S. H. (1966). Dall porpoi
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Page 85 and 86: for the task. The correct target ar
Page 87: whales the size of minke whales (Ø
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Page 93 and 94: interpreted criteria, comparisons o
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Page 97 and 98: 12 A comparison betweenslaughterhou
Page 99 and 100: include levels of premature mortali
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Page 103 and 104: affect an immediate and thereby law
Page 105 and 106: Table 1 Animal welfare and the Sche
Page 107 and 108: CIWF Trust, 2002. Farm Assurance Sc
Page 109 and 110: 13 Ethics and whaling under special
Page 111 and 112: Table 1. Consideration of the 3Rs i
Page 113 and 114: skin samples, without the need for
Page 115 and 116: IWC (2001) Report of the Scientific
Page 117 and 118: Whales and the lawCetaceans (and wh
Page 119 and 120: scientific and technical committees
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Page 123 and 124: The Treaty of the Panama Canal, ena
Page 125 and 126: 2 As a result, their need for prote
Page 127 and 128: law says, but also the extent to wh
Page 129 and 130: 15 Whaling and welfarePhilippa Brak
Page 131 and 132: commercial whaling. Times to death
Page 133 and 134: eath). Using the current criteria t
Page 135 and 136: possibility of establishing a simil
Page 137 and 138: international customary law and exi
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16 Summary of conclusionsModern day
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Glossary136A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE
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138A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
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Appendix IIColour plates©Mark Voti
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142A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
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Figure 13. Processing minke whales
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