TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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Section FourConclusions15 Whaling and welfare 5012416 Summary of conclusions 50134
15 Whaling and welfarePhilippa Brakes, Marine Consultant, C/o Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS),Chippenham, UKMark Simmonds, Director of Science, Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS),Chippenham, UKPhilip Lymbery, Director of Communications, World Society for the Protection of Animals(WSPA), London, UK.Welfare and the IWCAnimal welfare as a scientific discipline incorporates applied aspects of ethology, bioethics and theconcepts of suffering and well-being. Welfare, including health, has many different aspects and isdefined by both the physical and psychological state of an animal, including how it feels. The welfarestate of an animal can be described as good or high if the individual is fit, healthy and free fromsuffering.124A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN WHALING ACTIVITIESAnimals may suffer due to disease, injury, fear, or the frustration of basic needs. A ‘need’ is defined asa requirement fundamental in the biology of the animal, to obtain a particular resource or respond toa particular environmental or bodily stimulus. If a need is not provided for, then there may be aneffect on physiology or behaviour. One basic need is that an animal should not suffer at the time ofdeath.The International Whaling Commission (IWC) has been considering issues relating to the welfare ofhunted whales since 1957. During the annual meeting of the IWC that year, humane killing ofwhales was defined as the process by which the animal is rendered instantaneously insensible untildeath supervenes. In 1958, UNCLOS (the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)adopted a resolution requesting that all states use the best means available to capture and kill marinelife, including whales, in order to spare them from suffering to the greatest extent possible(UNCLOS 1958). The first IWC working party on humane killing was convened in 1959, whentime to death was identified as the main test of humaneness (see chapter 5).Whaling on the high seasDespite years of discussion of humane killing issues at the IWC, including the adoption of at least 15resolutions addressing the welfare of hunted whales, progress has been slow. Today severe welfareproblems remain for cetaceans that are hunted in commercial and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling(ASW) activities. In cases where the impetus has existed to bring whaling activities into line withcommon expectations and national legislation for the slaughter of other animals for commercialpurposes, reaching these standards has proved problematic. This is demonstrated by Norway’s limitedsuccess in improving the instantaneous death rate (IDR) during its commercial hunt for minkewhales.Norway contributes more than any other nation to the development of both its own and other
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ForewordWhales are highly evolved a
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1 Executive SummaryThis review exam
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2 A background to whalingPhilippa B
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y the weapon’s enormous recoil, w
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Japan currently whales in the Antar
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Otto, K. 1997. Animal Pain Behaviou
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Protecting the welfare of animals i
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Toothed whales (Odontoceti)Toothed
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Social behaviourMother-calf pairsOn
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to store and pass on information to
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Communication in great whalesThe mo
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Self-awarenessOne of the most compe
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J.G.M. Thewissen), pp. 158-162. Aca
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Whitehead, H., Waters, S. and Lyrho
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humanitarian purposes the time take
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Welfare and the modern IWCFrom 1980
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1996 UK proposes guidelines for col
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Section TwoWhale killing6 Commercia
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Table 1 Commercial, special permit
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It can be argued that the figures f
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Since struck and lost whales can in
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equipment to Russian subsistence wh
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This is the time from the throwing
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Table 3 Aboriginal Subsistence Whal
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International Aid For Korean Animal
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29 In Resolution 1999-1, the IWC no
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For example, Greenland and the Faro
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the past they made an important con
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however, has been made on the exten
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hunt indicate that the whales are s
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8 Weather, sea condition and shipmo
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chance of fog decreases from 15 to
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experienced in December, or y could
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9 The potential stress effects ofwh
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Page 81 and 82: Ridgeway, S. H. (1966). Dall porpoi
Page 83 and 84: 10 Euthanasia of cetaceansPhilippa
Page 85 and 86: for the task. The correct target ar
Page 87 and 88: whales the size of minke whales (Ø
Page 89 and 90: 11 Review of criteria for determini
Page 91 and 92: It is apparent from Figure 1, that,
Page 93 and 94: interpreted criteria, comparisons o
Page 95 and 96: 90A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATI
Page 97 and 98: 12 A comparison betweenslaughterhou
Page 99 and 100: include levels of premature mortali
Page 101 and 102: the emphasis during some whaling op
Page 103 and 104: affect an immediate and thereby law
Page 105 and 106: Table 1 Animal welfare and the Sche
Page 107 and 108: CIWF Trust, 2002. Farm Assurance Sc
Page 109 and 110: 13 Ethics and whaling under special
Page 111 and 112: Table 1. Consideration of the 3Rs i
Page 113 and 114: skin samples, without the need for
Page 115 and 116: IWC (2001) Report of the Scientific
Page 117 and 118: Whales and the lawCetaceans (and wh
Page 119 and 120: scientific and technical committees
Page 121 and 122: ASCOBANS came into force in 1994. F
Page 123 and 124: The Treaty of the Panama Canal, ena
Page 125 and 126: 2 As a result, their need for prote
Page 127: law says, but also the extent to wh
Page 131 and 132: commercial whaling. Times to death
Page 133 and 134: eath). Using the current criteria t
Page 135 and 136: possibility of establishing a simil
Page 137 and 138: international customary law and exi
Page 139 and 140: 16 Summary of conclusionsModern day
Page 141 and 142: Glossary136A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE
Page 143 and 144: 138A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
Page 145 and 146: Appendix IIColour plates©Mark Voti
Page 147 and 148: 142A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
Page 149 and 150: Figure 13. Processing minke whales
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