TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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Walker, W. A. (1975). Review of the live-capture fishery for smaller cetaceans taken in the southern Californiawaters for public display, 1966-73. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32, 1197-1211.Williams, E and Thorne, E. T. (1996) Exertional myopathy (Capture Myopathy) In: A. Fairbrother, L.N. Lockeand G.L. Hoff eds., Noninfectious Diseases of Wildlife, 2nd edition, 181-193, Iowa State University Press.Zemsky, V.A., Bogoslovskaya, L.S., Borodin, R.G. and Smelova, I.V. (1999) Whaling of gray whales in thenorthern part of the Pacific Ocean and needs of the native population of Chukotka for food whale products in1997-1998. SC/51/AS29REV.The potential stress effects of whaling and the welfare implications for hunted cetaceans77
10 Euthanasia of cetaceansPhilippa Brakes, Marine Consultant, c/o WDCS (Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society),Chippenham, UK.Craig Bamber, Ballistics Consultant to the Department of Conservation, Wellington, NewZealand.A number of different methods are used worldwide for the euthanasia of cetaceans. This reflects themany practical difficulties associated with euthanasing these large marine mammals. This chapterendeavours to highlight how, and why, these difficulties occur during the euthanasia of cetaceans onthe beach and during whaling activities.78A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN WHALING ACTIVITIESEuthanasia is defined as: “Humane destruction; the killing of an animal without causing fear orsuffering” (Hine 1988). ‘Humane’ is further defined as ‘inflicting as little pain as possible’ (Hanks1988), and there is, therefore, an expectation that euthanasia should be conducted using bestpractice; to ensure that it is as swift and as ‘humane’ as possible. There are international precedentsfor the humane slaughter of many species, irrespective of whether they are being killed for food or in‘acts of mercy’ (chapter 14). The motivation for euthanasia of stranded cetaceans is to alleviatesuffering, which contrasts with the motivation for killing cetaceans for food. It is proposed that theprinciples of efficient euthanasia, which have been developed for stranded cetaceans, should also beapplied to cetaceans killed for other purposes.In many countries, cetacean strandings have a high media profile, and there is often publicexpectation that live animals will either be refloated, or humanely euthanased where refloating is notpossible. However, among veterinary professionals, there is neither global agreement on the mosteffective methods to use, nor are there global standards for euthanasia of stranded cetaceans. This isdue to both the practical difficulties of administering euthanasia to large marine mammals on thebeach and also to the difficulties inherent in determining the point of death (see chapter 11) andconsequently accurately assessing the efficiency of any given method of euthanasia.Euthanasia of stranded cetaceansThere are a variety of practical difficulties associated with the euthanasia of stranded cetaceans. Theseinclude the constraints of tide and weather conditions, access to both the shoreline and the animal,and even the gradient of the shore. Furthermore, depending on location, there are often issues ofcrowd control that must be addressed, ensuring that public safety remains a priority. In someinstances, certain euthanasia methods, such as the use of firearms, may be prohibited due to thecircumstances of the stranding, in which case the animal may be left to die naturally – i.e. withoutfurther human intervention, but usually with protection from malicious acts.There are various guidelines for the euthanasia of stranded cetaceans in different regions of the world.Although the recommendations may vary to some degree, they are consistent in their attempt torender compromised cetaceans dead as swiftly as possible. In the UK, for example, the principle
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ForewordWhales are highly evolved a
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1 Executive SummaryThis review exam
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2 A background to whalingPhilippa B
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y the weapon’s enormous recoil, w
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Japan currently whales in the Antar
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Otto, K. 1997. Animal Pain Behaviou
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Protecting the welfare of animals i
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Toothed whales (Odontoceti)Toothed
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Social behaviourMother-calf pairsOn
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to store and pass on information to
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Communication in great whalesThe mo
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Self-awarenessOne of the most compe
Page 32 and 33: J.G.M. Thewissen), pp. 158-162. Aca
Page 34 and 35: Whitehead, H., Waters, S. and Lyrho
Page 36 and 37: humanitarian purposes the time take
Page 38 and 39: Welfare and the modern IWCFrom 1980
Page 40 and 41: 1996 UK proposes guidelines for col
Page 42 and 43: Section TwoWhale killing6 Commercia
Page 44 and 45: Table 1 Commercial, special permit
Page 46 and 47: It can be argued that the figures f
Page 48 and 49: Since struck and lost whales can in
Page 50 and 51: equipment to Russian subsistence wh
Page 52 and 53: This is the time from the throwing
Page 54 and 55: Table 3 Aboriginal Subsistence Whal
Page 56 and 57: International Aid For Korean Animal
Page 58 and 59: 29 In Resolution 1999-1, the IWC no
Page 60 and 61: For example, Greenland and the Faro
Page 62 and 63: the past they made an important con
Page 64 and 65: however, has been made on the exten
Page 66 and 67: hunt indicate that the whales are s
Page 68 and 69: 8 Weather, sea condition and shipmo
Page 70 and 71: chance of fog decreases from 15 to
Page 72 and 73: experienced in December, or y could
Page 74: 9 The potential stress effects ofwh
Page 77 and 78: Both chase and pursuit cause stress
Page 79 and 80: and manifest in a series of lethal
Page 81: Ridgeway, S. H. (1966). Dall porpoi
Page 85 and 86: for the task. The correct target ar
Page 87 and 88: whales the size of minke whales (Ø
Page 89 and 90: 11 Review of criteria for determini
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Page 93 and 94: interpreted criteria, comparisons o
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Page 97 and 98: 12 A comparison betweenslaughterhou
Page 99 and 100: include levels of premature mortali
Page 101 and 102: the emphasis during some whaling op
Page 103 and 104: affect an immediate and thereby law
Page 105 and 106: Table 1 Animal welfare and the Sche
Page 107 and 108: CIWF Trust, 2002. Farm Assurance Sc
Page 109 and 110: 13 Ethics and whaling under special
Page 111 and 112: Table 1. Consideration of the 3Rs i
Page 113 and 114: skin samples, without the need for
Page 115 and 116: IWC (2001) Report of the Scientific
Page 117 and 118: Whales and the lawCetaceans (and wh
Page 119 and 120: scientific and technical committees
Page 121 and 122: ASCOBANS came into force in 1994. F
Page 123 and 124: The Treaty of the Panama Canal, ena
Page 125 and 126: 2 As a result, their need for prote
Page 127 and 128: law says, but also the extent to wh
Page 129 and 130: 15 Whaling and welfarePhilippa Brak
Page 131 and 132: commercial whaling. Times to death
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eath). Using the current criteria t
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possibility of establishing a simil
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international customary law and exi
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16 Summary of conclusionsModern day
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Glossary136A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE
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138A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
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Appendix IIColour plates©Mark Voti
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142A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
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Figure 13. Processing minke whales
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TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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