TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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experienced in December, or y could even be 10.5 metres when the heave is 3.4 metres as can beexperienced in March. In addition, if we include the effects of surge, this will give a deviation to y of± 0.13 metres in December and ± 0.31 metres in March. Moreover, there is also the component ofmovement caused by sway, which will give a left or right deviation of y of 0.31 metres in Decemberand 0.60 metres in March. In conclusion, the relatively large motions experienced in March and theirrelatively high frequency of motion in December will impact greatly on the accuracy of the gunnerswhile hunting in this ocean region during either December or March.ConclusionsThe weather condition, sea state and ship motions which are discussed in this study, give rise toserious concern about the ability to accurately harpoon a whale and to reliably kill a whaleinstantaneously. Major differences exist between the shooting of terrestrial mammals and the killingof whales, as during whaling operations both the gunner and the animal are in motion in almost allcases. Furthermore, the gunner has no means to reduce these movements. It is, therefore, appropriateto relate weather and sea conditions, and harpoon and ship motions, to the proportion of whales thatare not being killed instantaneously. If the weather or sea conditions, or the motions of a ship do notallow a properly aimed shot, then there is significant risk of poorly placed harpoon hits resulting inextended TTD’s and animal suffering. This argument provides a strong case that harpooning shouldbe halted under difficult sea conditions, to promote best practice, and to help protect the welfare ofthe hunted animal.AcknowledgementsThe Humane Society of the United Sates, the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society and theWorld Society for the Protection of Animals are acknowledged for their support in enabling thisstudy. The data collection by the automatic weather station at Scott Island is based on support by theUS National Science Foundation under Grants No. OPP-0088058 and OPP-9726040. TheComprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set project of the National Oceanic & AtmosphericAdministration of the Department of Commerce and the National Science Foundation’s NationalCenter for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in the US are kindly thanked for the precipitation, fogand wind speed data and their support. NCAR is supported by grants from the US National ScienceFoundation. Oceanweather Inc. in Cos Cob, CT (US) is thanked very much for their wave estimates.WL Delft Hydraulics in Delft (Netherlands), Dr. Jasionowski and Professor Vassalos of the ShipStability Research Centre in Glasgow (UK), and Dr. Bunnik of the Maritime Research Institute inWageningen (Netherlands) kindly provided assistance and explanations about ship motions.WEATHER, SEA CONDITION AND SHIP MOTIONS AFFECTING ACCURACY IN WHALING67ReferencesAnon 1991. Japanese Research on Antarctic Whale Resources. Institute of Cetacean Research.Anon 1999. Report of the workshop on whale killing methods. IWC/51/12.Anon 2003. Report of the workshop on whale willing methods and associated welfare issues. IWC/55/ rep 5.Anon 2000. Report on whale killing method in 1999/2000 Japanese whale research program under specialpermit in the Antarctic (JARPA). WKM&AW/52/10.Anon 2001. Report on whale killing methods in the 2000/2001 JARPA. WKM&AWI/53/7.Anon 2002. Ship motions calculated by strip theory. Report No. 18574-1-CPO. Maritime Research Institute,
Wageningen, Netherlands, 7 p. (see also: http://www.marin.nl/services/softwaredevelopment/cps%5Fshipmo.html).Ishikawa, H. 2003. Report on whale killing methods in the 2002/2003 JARPA and improvement of the time todeath in the Japanese whale research programs (JARPA and JARPN), IWC / 55/ WK 25.Kestin, S.C. 1995. Welfare aspects of the commercial slaughter of whales. Animal welfare 4: 11-27.Knudsen, S.K. and Øen, E.O. 2003. Blast-induced neurotrauma in whales. Neuroscience Research 46 (3): 377-386.Kojima, T. 1993. The Japanese Research Whaling. In: Whaling Issues and Japan’s Whale Research, Institute ofCetacean research, (see also http://luna.pos.to/whale/icr_wijwr_jrw.html ).Mierzejewska, A.W., Wu, Z., Newell, R.E. and Miyashita, T. 1997. Japanese whaling ships’ sea surfacetemperatures 1946-84, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 78 (3), 443-447.Nishiwaki et al. 1995 Report of the 1994/1995 cruise of the Japanese whale research programme under specialpermit (JARPA) in Antarctic area V. SC/47/SH5.Nishiwaki et al. 1997. Report of the 1996/1997 Japanese whale research program under special permit in theAntarctic (JARPA) in Area V and western part of Area VI. SC/49/SH10.Øen, E.O. 1992. The Norwegian hunt of minke whales: description and analysis of the minke whale hunt withcold harpoons in the 1981, 1982 and 1983 seasons. Proceedings IWC, IWC / 44/ HKW2.Øen, E.O. 2003. Improvements in hunting and killing methods for minke whales in Norway 1981-2003. IWC/55/ WK17.68A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN WHALING ACTIVITIESVan Liere, D.W. 2003. Sea and weather conditions in an area V region in the Southern Ocean Sanctuary withspecial reference to whale killing methods. IWC/ 55 / WK 3.Weiss, J.M. 1972. Psychological factors in stress and disease. Scientific American 226: 104-113Wiepkema, P.J. and Koolhaas, J.M. 1993. Stress and animal welfare. Animal Welfare 2: 195-218
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ForewordWhales are highly evolved a
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1 Executive SummaryThis review exam
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2 A background to whalingPhilippa B
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y the weapon’s enormous recoil, w
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Japan currently whales in the Antar
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Otto, K. 1997. Animal Pain Behaviou
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Protecting the welfare of animals i
Page 21 and 22: Toothed whales (Odontoceti)Toothed
Page 23 and 24: Social behaviourMother-calf pairsOn
Page 25 and 26: to store and pass on information to
Page 27 and 28: Communication in great whalesThe mo
Page 29: Self-awarenessOne of the most compe
Page 32 and 33: J.G.M. Thewissen), pp. 158-162. Aca
Page 34 and 35: Whitehead, H., Waters, S. and Lyrho
Page 36 and 37: humanitarian purposes the time take
Page 38 and 39: Welfare and the modern IWCFrom 1980
Page 40 and 41: 1996 UK proposes guidelines for col
Page 42 and 43: Section TwoWhale killing6 Commercia
Page 44 and 45: Table 1 Commercial, special permit
Page 46 and 47: It can be argued that the figures f
Page 48 and 49: Since struck and lost whales can in
Page 50 and 51: equipment to Russian subsistence wh
Page 52 and 53: This is the time from the throwing
Page 54 and 55: Table 3 Aboriginal Subsistence Whal
Page 56 and 57: International Aid For Korean Animal
Page 58 and 59: 29 In Resolution 1999-1, the IWC no
Page 60 and 61: For example, Greenland and the Faro
Page 62 and 63: the past they made an important con
Page 64 and 65: however, has been made on the exten
Page 66 and 67: hunt indicate that the whales are s
Page 68 and 69: 8 Weather, sea condition and shipmo
Page 70 and 71: chance of fog decreases from 15 to
Page 74: 9 The potential stress effects ofwh
Page 77 and 78: Both chase and pursuit cause stress
Page 79 and 80: and manifest in a series of lethal
Page 81 and 82: Ridgeway, S. H. (1966). Dall porpoi
Page 83 and 84: 10 Euthanasia of cetaceansPhilippa
Page 85 and 86: for the task. The correct target ar
Page 87 and 88: whales the size of minke whales (Ø
Page 89 and 90: 11 Review of criteria for determini
Page 91 and 92: It is apparent from Figure 1, that,
Page 93 and 94: interpreted criteria, comparisons o
Page 95 and 96: 90A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATI
Page 97 and 98: 12 A comparison betweenslaughterhou
Page 99 and 100: include levels of premature mortali
Page 101 and 102: the emphasis during some whaling op
Page 103 and 104: affect an immediate and thereby law
Page 105 and 106: Table 1 Animal welfare and the Sche
Page 107 and 108: CIWF Trust, 2002. Farm Assurance Sc
Page 109 and 110: 13 Ethics and whaling under special
Page 111 and 112: Table 1. Consideration of the 3Rs i
Page 113 and 114: skin samples, without the need for
Page 115 and 116: IWC (2001) Report of the Scientific
Page 117 and 118: Whales and the lawCetaceans (and wh
Page 119 and 120: scientific and technical committees
Page 121 and 122: ASCOBANS came into force in 1994. F
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The Treaty of the Panama Canal, ena
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2 As a result, their need for prote
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law says, but also the extent to wh
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15 Whaling and welfarePhilippa Brak
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commercial whaling. Times to death
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eath). Using the current criteria t
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possibility of establishing a simil
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international customary law and exi
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16 Summary of conclusionsModern day
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Glossary136A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE
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138A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
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Appendix IIColour plates©Mark Voti
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142A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
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Figure 13. Processing minke whales
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TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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