TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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DiscussionAre ethical and moral ‘values’ relevant to the assessment of the science carried out under the auspices ofthe International Whaling Commission? I argue that they are: a progressive viewpoint on animal carerequirements in science, already adopted by many members of the convention, could appropriately beapplied to the scientific work of that convention. Some of the components of an ethical review arealready routinely covered within discussions in the Scientific Committee. Additionally, the Commissionitself has stated that: “non-lethal techniques available today will usually provide better data at less cost toboth animals and budget” (IWC 2003a).Therefore, I propose that it is both appropriate, and important, to establish an ethical review processunder the auspices of the IWC, and to review the large-scale lethal whaling programmes currently beingconducted in the name of science. Scientists already operating under such legislative controls in theirown countries should see no conflict in incorporating such requirements into the review of scientificpermits for whaling.Without an ethical review, even if valid science is conducted during scientific permit whaling, there is adanger that it will not be acceptable for publication in international journals. This would prevent thedissemination of the gathered information and effectively render any valid science that may beconducted useless due to its inaccessibilityUltimately, the scientific merit of a proposal is a fundamental consideration for any ethical reviewprocess. It has been suggested that a badly designed research programme, whether peer reviewed or not,is inherently unethical (Jennings et al. 1998). Given that whaling programmes have received sustainedcriticism of their scientific validity from peers, and contain no consideration of animal welfare at all, itseems appropriate that they must be deemed ethically unacceptable.ETHICS AND WHALING UNDER SPECIAL PERMIT109ReferencesAnon (2003) Guidelines for the treatment of animals in behavioural research and teaching. Anim. Behav. 65, 249-255.ANZCCART (2003) Information about Replacement, Refinement and Reduction – The Three Rs.http://www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART/front/three_rs.htmBradshaw, R.H. (2002) The ethical review process in the UK and Australia: the Australian experience of improveddialogue and communication. An. Welf. 11, 141-156.Gillespie, A. (2000) Whaling under a scientific auspice: the ethics of scientific research whaling operations. J. Int.Wildl. Law & Policy, 3, 1-49.Home Office (2000) Appendix J: The ethical review process. Pp. 99-100. In: Guidance on the operation of theanimals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. HC 321. TSO, London.IWC (1999a) Resolution on whaling under special permit. 1998-4. In: Report of the International WhalingCommission, Appendix 5.IWC (1999b) Chairman’s Report of the 51st Annual Meeting. 14.2, p.28.IWC (1999c) Report of the Scientific Committee. J. Cet Res Manage (Suppl.) 1, 45-46.IWC (2000) Report of the Scientific Committee. J. Cet Res Manage (Suppl.) 2, 54-56.
IWC (2001) Report of the Scientific Committee. J. Cet Res Manage (Suppl.) 3, 57-65.IWC (2003a) Resolution on whaling under special permit:http://www.iwcoffice.org/Resolutions2003/Resolution%202003.htmIWC (2003b) Report of the Scientific Committee. J. Cet Res Manage (Suppl.) 5, 65.IWC (2003c) Report of the Scientific Committee, IWC/55/Rep 1.Jarman, S.N., Passmore, A.J. & Gales, N.J. (2003) DNA-based identification of prey species represented in whalefaeces. Paper of the IWC Scientific Committee, SC/55/E16.Jennings, M., Howard, B. & Moore, G. (1997) Progressing the ethical review process. RSPCA, Horsham, UK.Jennings, M., Moore, G. & Howard, B. (1998) The ethical review process in academia. RSPCA, Horsham, UK.110A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN WHALING ACTIVITIES
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ForewordWhales are highly evolved a
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1 Executive SummaryThis review exam
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2 A background to whalingPhilippa B
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y the weapon’s enormous recoil, w
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Japan currently whales in the Antar
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Otto, K. 1997. Animal Pain Behaviou
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Protecting the welfare of animals i
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Toothed whales (Odontoceti)Toothed
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Social behaviourMother-calf pairsOn
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to store and pass on information to
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Communication in great whalesThe mo
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Self-awarenessOne of the most compe
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J.G.M. Thewissen), pp. 158-162. Aca
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Whitehead, H., Waters, S. and Lyrho
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humanitarian purposes the time take
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Welfare and the modern IWCFrom 1980
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1996 UK proposes guidelines for col
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Section TwoWhale killing6 Commercia
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Table 1 Commercial, special permit
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It can be argued that the figures f
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Since struck and lost whales can in
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equipment to Russian subsistence wh
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This is the time from the throwing
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Table 3 Aboriginal Subsistence Whal
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International Aid For Korean Animal
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29 In Resolution 1999-1, the IWC no
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For example, Greenland and the Faro
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the past they made an important con
Page 64 and 65: however, has been made on the exten
Page 66 and 67: hunt indicate that the whales are s
Page 68 and 69: 8 Weather, sea condition and shipmo
Page 70 and 71: chance of fog decreases from 15 to
Page 72 and 73: experienced in December, or y could
Page 74: 9 The potential stress effects ofwh
Page 77 and 78: Both chase and pursuit cause stress
Page 79 and 80: and manifest in a series of lethal
Page 81 and 82: Ridgeway, S. H. (1966). Dall porpoi
Page 83 and 84: 10 Euthanasia of cetaceansPhilippa
Page 85 and 86: for the task. The correct target ar
Page 87 and 88: whales the size of minke whales (Ø
Page 89 and 90: 11 Review of criteria for determini
Page 91 and 92: It is apparent from Figure 1, that,
Page 93 and 94: interpreted criteria, comparisons o
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Page 97 and 98: 12 A comparison betweenslaughterhou
Page 99 and 100: include levels of premature mortali
Page 101 and 102: the emphasis during some whaling op
Page 103 and 104: affect an immediate and thereby law
Page 105 and 106: Table 1 Animal welfare and the Sche
Page 107 and 108: CIWF Trust, 2002. Farm Assurance Sc
Page 109 and 110: 13 Ethics and whaling under special
Page 111 and 112: Table 1. Consideration of the 3Rs i
Page 113: skin samples, without the need for
Page 117 and 118: Whales and the lawCetaceans (and wh
Page 119 and 120: scientific and technical committees
Page 121 and 122: ASCOBANS came into force in 1994. F
Page 123 and 124: The Treaty of the Panama Canal, ena
Page 125 and 126: 2 As a result, their need for prote
Page 127 and 128: law says, but also the extent to wh
Page 129 and 130: 15 Whaling and welfarePhilippa Brak
Page 131 and 132: commercial whaling. Times to death
Page 133 and 134: eath). Using the current criteria t
Page 135 and 136: possibility of establishing a simil
Page 137 and 138: international customary law and exi
Page 139 and 140: 16 Summary of conclusionsModern day
Page 141 and 142: Glossary136A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE
Page 143 and 144: 138A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
Page 145 and 146: Appendix IIColour plates©Mark Voti
Page 147 and 148: 142A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
Page 149 and 150: Figure 13. Processing minke whales
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