categories of whaling: commercial, special permit (or ‘scientific’) <strong>and</strong> aboriginal subsistence whaling.Since most animals are unable to communicate the extent of their pain or suffering, this hasnecessitated the development of several methods for evaluating animal welfare. These methodsinclude measuring motor reflexes, neuroendocrine responses <strong>and</strong> monitoring changes in behaviour.Pain is also often accompanied by increased heart rate <strong>and</strong> blood pressure changes. In the last decadebehavioural changes have been used extensively in the assessment of pain in animals (Otto 1997).Therefore it is not inappropriate to apply an evaluation of potential pain <strong>and</strong> suffering to themethods employed to pursue, capture <strong>and</strong> kill whales during whaling operations (chapter 9).It is intended that this text will provide a definitive guide to the many issues relating to the welfare ofcetaceans during hunting operations. The main focus will be on the hunting of larger whales, but forcompleteness <strong>and</strong> comparative purposes consideration will also be given to ‘small cetaceans’ (chapter 7).The aim of the review is to illustrate, using contemporary scientific, legal <strong>and</strong> ethical principles, thetrue scale of the welfare problems associated with whaling activities in the 21st Century.ReferencesAnon 1980. Report of the Workshop on Humane Killing Techniques. International Whaling Commission Report.IWC/33/15.Bond, J. 1753. An account of a machine for killing of whales. Philosophical Transactions 47: 429-435.Butterworth, A., Sadler, L., Knowles, T.G. <strong>and</strong> Kestin S.C. 2003. Evaluating possible indicators of insensibility<strong>and</strong> death in cetacea. IWC Workshop on <strong>Whale</strong> Killing Methods. IWC/55/WK4.A BACKGROUND TO WHALING11Golovlev, I.F. 1984. Some information on the application of a hot grenade harpoon to kill minke whales by theSoviet Antarctic whaling fleet ‘Soviet Ukraine’ during 1982/83 <strong>and</strong> 1983/84 whaling seasons. Proceedings of theInternational Whaling Commission IWC/TC/36/HK8.Harrison, R. 1988. History of Whaling. In: <strong>Whale</strong>s <strong>Dolphin</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Porpoises. Eds. R. Harrison <strong>and</strong> M.M. Bryden.Intercontinental Publishing Corporation Limited.Hoydal, K. 1986. Data on the long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melaene in Faroe waters, <strong>and</strong> an attempt touse the 274 years’ time series of catches to assess the state of the stock. Paper SC/38/SM7 presented to the 1986IWC Scientific Committee, p.16.Johnsen, A.O. 1940. The shell harpoon. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende 29(9): 222-241.Johnsen, A.O. 1947. Norwegian patents relating to whaling <strong>and</strong> the whaling industry. A statistical <strong>and</strong> historicalanalysis. A.W. Brøggers Boktrykkeri A/S, Oslo.Kano, H. <strong>and</strong> Hasui, S. 1980. Progress of Research, Development <strong>and</strong> Experiments on Humane Methods ofCatching <strong>Whale</strong>s During 1979/80 <strong>and</strong> Research Programme for 1980/81. Report from the Japanese WhalingAssociation, p.42.Kirkwood, J.K., Sainsbury, A.W. <strong>and</strong> Bennett, P.M. 1994. The welfare of free-living animals: methods ofassessment. Animal Welfare Journal 3(4): 257-27.Knudsen, S.K. <strong>and</strong> Øen, E.O. 2003. Blast-induced neurotrauma in whales. Neuroscience Research 46: 377-386.Mitchell, E., Reeves, R.R. <strong>and</strong> Evely, A. 1986. Bibliography of <strong>Whale</strong> Killing Techniques. Report of theInternational Whaling Commission, Special Issue 7.
Otto, K. 1997. Animal Pain Behaviour. DTW Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift 104(2): 46-48.S<strong>and</strong>erson, I.T. 1956. Follow the <strong>Whale</strong>. Little, Brown <strong>and</strong> Company, Boston.Øen, E.O. 1983. Killing times of minke whales in the Norwegian coastal whaling in 1981 <strong>and</strong> 1982 seasons.Norsisk Veterinaer Medicin 35(7-9): 314-318.Øen, E.O. 1995. A Norwegian penthrite grenade for minke whales: development, model description <strong>and</strong> resultsof hunting trials with Norwegian prototypes <strong>and</strong> a modified Japanese penthrite grenade in 1983. In KillingMethods for Minke <strong>and</strong> Bowhead <strong>Whale</strong>s. E.O. Øen, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway.Submitted by Norway to the 1995 IWC Workshop on <strong>Whale</strong> Killing Methods <strong>and</strong> Associated Welfare Issues.IWC/47/WK8.Øen, E.O. 1999. Improvements in hunting <strong>and</strong> Killing Methods for Minke <strong>Whale</strong>s in Norway. Submitted bythe Government of Norway to the 1999 IWC Workshop on <strong>Whale</strong> Killing Methods. IWC/51/WK11.Footnotes1 Black powder is a mechanical mixture of sulphur, saltpetre <strong>and</strong> charcoal (Øen 1995).2 Article III, paragraph 6, International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling 1946.3 Knudsen <strong>and</strong> Øen (2003) noted that an oblique shot to one minke causes a detonation in region B (betweenthe rear of the brain <strong>and</strong> the pectoral flippers) in the muscle tissue, with an exit wound in front of one of thepectoral flippers. Despite being closer to the brain than other detonations, this blast did not cause skullfracture (except of the ear bones), as some energy may have been lost to the water.12A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN WHALING ACTIVITIES4 The Faroe Isl<strong>and</strong>s is the only exception, providing some details on the methods used, but no regular data ontime to death.5 Article III, paragraphs 10d <strong>and</strong> 10e of the ICRW.6 Relaxation of lower jaw or no flipper movement or sinking without active movement (Anon 1980).
- Page 5 and 6: ForewordWhales are highly evolved a
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for the task. The correct target ar
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16 Summary of conclusionsModern day
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Glossary136A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE
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Appendix IIColour plates©Mark Voti
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142A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
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Figure 13. Processing minke whales