Crack cocaine in the Dublin region - Health Research Board

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Warner E (1993) Cocaine abuse. Annals of Internal Medicine, 119(3): 226–35.White HR and Gorman DM (2000) Dynamics of the drug-crime relationship. In LaFree G(ed.) Criminal justice 2000: the nature of crime: continuity and change. Washington: USDepartment of Justice.Wilson L and Stevens A (2008) Understanding drug markets and how to influence them[Electronic version]. The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme. Retrieved 16 May2008 from http://www.beckleyfoundation.org/policy/reports.htmlWincup E, Buckland G and Bayliss R (2003) Youth homelessness and substance use:report to the drugs and alcohol research unit. London: Home Office.World Health Organization (2002)The rapid assessment and response guide onpsychoactive substance use and sexual risk behaviour. Geneva: World HealthOrganization.StatutesMisuse of Drugs Act 1977 (Controlled Drugs) (Declaration) Order 2006. Number 55 of2006. Dublin: Stationery Office.Misuse of Drugs Act 1988. Number 18 of 1984. Dublin: Stationery Office.Misuse of Drugs Regulations, 1988. S.I. No. 328 of 1988. Dublin: Stationery Office.Crack cocaine in the Dublin region: an evidence base for a crack cocaine strategy125
Appendix A:An evidence base for treatingcocaine and crack cocaineSource: Long J and Keenan E (2007) The evidence base for treatment of problemcocaine use. Drugnet Ireland, Spring Issue 21: 16The following is an extract taken from an annotated bibliography of studies evaluatingthe effectiveness of a variety of treatment interventions for problem cocaine use.OrganisationThe four-tier model of service delivery, which offers clients the least intensiveintervention appropriate to their need has been adopted as the framework for thefuture delivery of alcohol and drug services in Ireland; this approach should beconsidered in the development of any crack treatment strategy.Evidence base for crack treatmentThis section presents details a summary of the evidence-base for the treatment ofcocaine either powder or crack. Many of the studies reviewed include polydrug users.Where possible, the evidence is based on systematic reviews (Greenhalgh 1997). Asystematic review is an overview of primary studies that used explicit and reproduciblemethods. The treatment options examined include psychosocial approaches,complementary therapies and medications.The ideal combination of interventions selected would seek to attract persons intotreatment, retain them in treatment, reduce or cease their cocaine and other drugs use,and prevent relapse.As with all drugs except opiates, the therapeutic management of people addicted tocrack or powder cocaine is based on abstinence from cocaine use. In the initial periodfollowing cessation, the person being treated may experience an intense craving forcocaine, and symptoms such as depression, fatigue, irritability, anorexia and sleepdisturbance. The past decade has seen a sustained search for an effective treatment forthe management of cocaine dependence.The indicators used to measure the success of treatment for problem cocaine use usedin the evidence presented are: the absence of drug metabolites in the urine duringand following treatment; retention in and completion of treatment interventions; andattendance at aftercare.126 Crack cocaine in the Dublin region: an evidence base for a crack cocaine strategy
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HRB Research Series6Crack cocaine i
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This publication should be cited as
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HRB Research Series publicationsto
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ContentsList of tables and figures
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7 Social consequences of crack use
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List of tables and figuresTablesTab
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AbbreviationsADRUGNDUHRBISCCSGLDTFN
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Glossary of termsBenzos: The street
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Executive summaryBackground and stu
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phone and buyers are directed to sp
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Part 1IntroductionCrack cocaine in
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In the light of these concerns, it
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extensive reporting in the US about
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Ten interviews were conducted with
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also offers potential to trace supp
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Part 2Crack cocaine in the Dublin r
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2.2 Criminal justice data - cocaine
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Prevalence of crack use among homel
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Local survey dataA survey in 2006 o
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Respondent 1: I’d say it’s stil
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3 Dublin crack cocaine market3.0 Ov
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sold on the street for as little as
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Like, I was down on M… Street in
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3.4 Marketing crackFour interviewee
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While crack was generally bought al
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• Although a number of dealers, o
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4.2 Crack use and genderAccording t
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From about 16 to 21 I would say - t
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Table 4.4Number of new cases who li
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5.2 Crack and other drugsMany of th
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Whether treated cases reported crac
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cases of intravenous cocaine use, t
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Table 5.5Number (%) of new cases wh
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Part 3Consequences of crack useCrac
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etween heroin, cocaine and crime. T
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So, they would talk about the kind
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Crack and prostitutionNine services
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Page 86 and 87: 7.6 Key findings• A significant p
Page 88 and 89: There are considerable long-term ps
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Page 93 and 94: 9 Treating crack use9.0 OverviewIn
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Page 103 and 104: local communities. There is growing
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Page 111 and 112: 11 Discussion and research implicat
Page 113 and 114: 11.2 Responding to crack markets an
Page 115 and 116: 11.3 Reducing the harm that crack c
Page 117 and 118: Shoplifting, burglary and robbery w
Page 119 and 120: Bourgois P (2003b) Crack and the po
Page 121 and 122: Furey M and Browne C (2004) Opiate
Page 123 and 124: Loughran H and McCann ME (2006) A c
Page 125: San Diego Police Department (1998)
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Page 131 and 132: MedicationsA number of studies have
Page 133 and 134: interpersonal psychotherapy. Americ
Page 135 and 136: Jurisdiction Intervention/Descripti
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