Crack cocaine in the Dublin region - Health Research Board

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VaccineHall and Carter (2004) state that ‘a cocaine vaccine is a promising immunotherapeuticapproach to treating cocaine dependence which induces the immune system toform antibodies that prevent cocaine from crossing the blood brain barrier to act onreceptor sites in the brain. The most promising application of a cocaine vaccine isto prevent relapse to dependence in abstinent users who voluntarily enter treatment’.Two published studies examined the use of cocaine vaccine among human populations(Martell et al. 2005; Kosten et al. 2002). Both studies showed some promising results;however, general availability of a cocaine vaccine is not imminent. This interventionwill only be useful for relapse prevention.1234567Greenhalgh T (1997) How to read a paper: Papers that summarise other papers(systematic reviews and meta-analyses) British Medical Journal, 315: 672–675.Lima MS, Reisser Lima AAP, Soares BGO and Farrell M (2003) Antidepressantsfor cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2. Art.No.: CD002950. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002950.Soares BGO, Lima MS, Lima Reisser A and Farrell M (2003) Dopamine agonistsfor cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2. Art.No.: CD003352. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003352.Lima Reisser A, Lima MS, Soares BGO and Farrell M (2002) Carbamazepine forcocaine dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2. Art. No.:CD002023. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002023.Silva de Lima M, de Oliveira Soares BG, Pereira Reisser AA and Farrell M(2002) Pharmacological treatment of cocaine dependence: a systematic review.Addiction, 97(8): 931–949.Gates S, Smith LA and Foxcroft DR (2006) Auricular acupuncture for cocainedependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1. Art. No.:CD005192. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005192.pub2.Smith LA, Gates S and Foxcroft D (2006) Therapeutic communities for substancerelated disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1. Art. No.:CD005338. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005338.pub2.8 Crits-Christoph P, Siqueland L, Blaine J, Frank A, Luborsky L, Onken LS et al.(1999) Psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence: National Instituteon Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. Archives of GeneralPsychiatry, 56(6): 493–502.9Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ and Gawin FH (1991) A comparative trial ofpsychotherapies for ambulatory cocaine abusers: relapse prevention andCrack cocaine in the Dublin region: an evidence base for a crack cocaine strategy131
interpersonal psychotherapy. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 17(3):229–247.101112131415Higgins ST, Budney AJ, Bickel WK, Foerg FE, Donham R and Badger GJ (1994)Incentives improve outcome in outpatient behavioral treatment of cocainedependence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(7): 568–576.Crits-Christoph P, Siqueland L, McCalmont E, Weiss RD, Gastfriend DR, FrankA et al. (2001) Impact of psychosocial treatments on associated problems ofcocaine-dependent patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(5):825–830.Bernstein J, Bernstein E, Tassiopoulos K, Heeren T, Levenson S, Hingson R (2005)Brief motivational intervention at a clinic visit reduces cocaine and heroin use.Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77(1): 49–59.Hall W and Carter L. (2004) Ethical issues in using a cocaine vaccine to treat andprevent cocaine abuse and dependence. Journal of Medical Ethics, 30(4): 337–340.Martell BA, Mitchell E, Poling J, Gonsai K and Kosten TR (2005) Vaccinepharmacotherapy for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Biological Psychiatry,58(2):158–64.Kosten TR, Rosen M. Bond J, Settles M, Roberts JS, Shields J, Jack L and Fox B(2002) Human therapeutic cocaine vaccine: safety and immunogenicity. Vaccine,20(7–8):1196–1204.132 Crack cocaine in the Dublin region: an evidence base for a crack cocaine strategy
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HRB Research Series6Crack cocaine i
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This publication should be cited as
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HRB Research Series publicationsto
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ContentsList of tables and figures
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7 Social consequences of crack use
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List of tables and figuresTablesTab
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AbbreviationsADRUGNDUHRBISCCSGLDTFN
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Glossary of termsBenzos: The street
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Executive summaryBackground and stu
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phone and buyers are directed to sp
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Part 1IntroductionCrack cocaine in
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In the light of these concerns, it
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extensive reporting in the US about
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Ten interviews were conducted with
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also offers potential to trace supp
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Part 2Crack cocaine in the Dublin r
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2.2 Criminal justice data - cocaine
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Prevalence of crack use among homel
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Local survey dataA survey in 2006 o
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Respondent 1: I’d say it’s stil
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3 Dublin crack cocaine market3.0 Ov
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sold on the street for as little as
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Like, I was down on M… Street in
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3.4 Marketing crackFour interviewee
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While crack was generally bought al
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• Although a number of dealers, o
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4.2 Crack use and genderAccording t
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From about 16 to 21 I would say - t
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Table 4.4Number of new cases who li
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5.2 Crack and other drugsMany of th
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Whether treated cases reported crac
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cases of intravenous cocaine use, t
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Table 5.5Number (%) of new cases wh
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Part 3Consequences of crack useCrac
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etween heroin, cocaine and crime. T
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So, they would talk about the kind
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Crack and prostitutionNine services
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On the other hand, reports from two
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often with a prevalence of opiate d
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The data provided by the NDTRS in S
Page 82 and 83: But you know it would be about kind
Page 84 and 85: So, debt is another significant iss
Page 86 and 87: 7.6 Key findings• A significant p
Page 88 and 89: There are considerable long-term ps
Page 90: 8.3 Psychological consequences of c
Page 93 and 94: 9 Treating crack use9.0 OverviewIn
Page 95 and 96: Some services were in a position to
Page 97 and 98: Both opiate-dependent and non-opiat
Page 99 and 100: • more outreach work to identify
Page 101 and 102: 10 Policing crack markets10.0 Overv
Page 103 and 104: local communities. There is growing
Page 105 and 106: He’d know me, I’d know him, you
Page 107 and 108: Table 10.1 Number of new cases who
Page 109 and 110: 108 Crack cocaine in the Dublin reg
Page 111 and 112: 11 Discussion and research implicat
Page 113 and 114: 11.2 Responding to crack markets an
Page 115 and 116: 11.3 Reducing the harm that crack c
Page 117 and 118: Shoplifting, burglary and robbery w
Page 119 and 120: Bourgois P (2003b) Crack and the po
Page 121 and 122: Furey M and Browne C (2004) Opiate
Page 123 and 124: Loughran H and McCann ME (2006) A c
Page 125 and 126: San Diego Police Department (1998)
Page 127 and 128: Appendix A:An evidence base for tre
Page 129 and 130: note that providing information on
Page 131: MedicationsA number of studies have
Page 135 and 136: Jurisdiction Intervention/Descripti
Page 137 and 138: Jurisdiction Intervention/Descripti
Page 139 and 140: Appendix C:Recent HRB series public
Page 141 and 142: 140 Crack cocaine in the Dublin reg
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