From about 16 to 21 I would say – <strong>the</strong>y would be us<strong>in</strong>g crack so. But aga<strong>in</strong> it’s sporadic it’sk<strong>in</strong>d of b<strong>in</strong>ge stuff as well like, <strong>the</strong>y would be deal<strong>in</strong>g and stuff and <strong>the</strong>y would have peoplewho would be do<strong>in</strong>g crack show<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to wash up and stuff… Some young people <strong>in</strong> thisarea would see it as attractive you know because older people were do<strong>in</strong>g it.F<strong>in</strong>glas, drug-treatment service (October 2007)There was a perception that younger teenagers were not aware of <strong>the</strong> harmful natureof crack, and that its ‘smokeable’ form may give <strong>the</strong> substance a relatively harmlessimage:We feel that crack <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong>, <strong>the</strong> kids are smok<strong>in</strong>g it like hash. Roll<strong>in</strong>g it up <strong>in</strong> a cigarette andsmok<strong>in</strong>g it but to <strong>the</strong>m it’s not coke. You are try<strong>in</strong>g to educate a young group it is a very,I suppose undereducated peer group – and <strong>the</strong>y th<strong>in</strong>k we’re off our trolley tell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m allthis…north-<strong>in</strong>ner city, drug-treatment service (August, 2007)When we discussed a th<strong>in</strong>g on Monday <strong>the</strong>y said a lot of youngsters would also have crystal<strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> as well for smok<strong>in</strong>g, you know that k<strong>in</strong>d of way. That’s not crack <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> but <strong>the</strong>re’sa k<strong>in</strong>d of a … it’s k<strong>in</strong>d of baked <strong>in</strong>to a crystal you know, it’s freebase you know…And evenat that … <strong>the</strong>y sometimes th<strong>in</strong>k that <strong>the</strong>y’re us<strong>in</strong>g crack <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong>, some of <strong>the</strong> younger ones,and <strong>the</strong>y will tell you <strong>the</strong>y’re us<strong>in</strong>g crack <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong>, and <strong>in</strong> actual fact sometimes it’s not,sometimes it is.Ballymun, drug-treatment service (December 2007)Three crack users <strong>in</strong>terviewed <strong>in</strong>dicated that young people <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir locality were us<strong>in</strong>gcrack <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong>:But <strong>the</strong> crack <strong>the</strong>n came on <strong>the</strong> scene and it’s a big th<strong>in</strong>g now. You know? Especially now <strong>in</strong><strong>the</strong>se areas, and <strong>the</strong> sad th<strong>in</strong>g about it is <strong>the</strong>y’re only kids, you know, <strong>the</strong>y’re only 15-yearolds,16-year-olds com<strong>in</strong>g up to you sell<strong>in</strong>g it to you, you know. And <strong>the</strong>n us<strong>in</strong>g it <strong>the</strong>mselvesand smok<strong>in</strong>g it <strong>the</strong>mselves. You know. It’s sad like you know to see <strong>the</strong>m be<strong>in</strong>g so youngsell<strong>in</strong>g it and that. You know.Clondalk<strong>in</strong>, current crack user (September 2007)I’m after notic<strong>in</strong>g a lot like, three or four young fellas that I never thought… I don’t th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>yrealise that smok<strong>in</strong>g crack is every bit as harmful as <strong>in</strong>ject<strong>in</strong>g coke or hero<strong>in</strong> or anyth<strong>in</strong>g likethat. And <strong>the</strong>y’re k<strong>in</strong>d of treat<strong>in</strong>g it as ‘I’d sniff a half ounce <strong>in</strong> a weekend, me nose is <strong>in</strong> bits,I’m bleed<strong>in</strong>g on a Monday morn<strong>in</strong>g and all this stuff… Jaysus just smoke it’.north-east Dubl<strong>in</strong>, former crack user (October 2007)<strong>Crack</strong> <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dubl<strong>in</strong> <strong>region</strong>: an evidence base for a crack <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> strategy55
A number of service providers said that <strong>the</strong>y were aware that <strong>the</strong>re may be aproportion of younger, non-opiate-us<strong>in</strong>g crack <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> users who b<strong>in</strong>ge on crack<strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> but do not engage with treatment services, primarily because <strong>the</strong>y do notview <strong>the</strong>ir use as problematic and/or do not wish to be associated with <strong>the</strong> establishedcentres that have traditionally treated hero<strong>in</strong> addiction:But we know that we have a problem engag<strong>in</strong>g with young people or young people have aproblem engag<strong>in</strong>g with us because <strong>the</strong>y are not at that stage, you know <strong>the</strong>y are not at thatstage of see<strong>in</strong>g it as a problem or whatever so...F<strong>in</strong>glas, drug-treatment service (October 2007)There’s certa<strong>in</strong>ly a group of people do<strong>in</strong>g crack that are not on methadone right, but weonly have rumours. We don’t have any def<strong>in</strong>ite evidence that this is <strong>the</strong> case, and <strong>the</strong>y’re allreasonably young. You know late-teens, early-twenties at <strong>the</strong> most.Tallaght, drug-treatment service (October 2007)4.5 Education levels among crack usersEvidence of education levels among crack users was available from <strong>the</strong> NDTRS.Education levels <strong>in</strong> this group were low, with only three new cases hav<strong>in</strong>g completed<strong>the</strong>ir Leav<strong>in</strong>g Certificate or hav<strong>in</strong>g atta<strong>in</strong>ed a higher qualification (Table 4.3).Table 4.3Number of new cases who lived <strong>in</strong> Dubl<strong>in</strong> and reported crack <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> as a problemdrug, by highest level of education completed, as reported to <strong>the</strong> NDTRS, 2004 to2006Highest level of education completed Number %Never went to school 1 2.9Primary level <strong>in</strong>complete 1 2.9Primary level 8 22.9Junior Certificate 14 40.0Leav<strong>in</strong>g Certificate 2 5.7Third level 1 2.9Not known 8 22.9Total 35 100.04.6 Accommodation status of crack usersAs noted above, <strong>the</strong> proportion of homeless people (<strong>in</strong> 2003) who reported hav<strong>in</strong>g usedcrack at some po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir life was reasonably high (Lawless and Corr 2005). Datafrom <strong>the</strong> NDTRS <strong>in</strong>dicate that over one-third of new cases <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> period 2004 to 2006were liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> unstable accommodation (Table 4.4).56 <strong>Crack</strong> <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dubl<strong>in</strong> <strong>region</strong>: an evidence base for a crack <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> strategy
- Page 1 and 2:
HRB Research Series6Crack cocaine i
- Page 3 and 4:
This publication should be cited as
- Page 5 and 6: HRB Research Series publicationsto
- Page 8 and 9: ContentsList of tables and figures
- Page 10 and 11: 7 Social consequences of crack use
- Page 12 and 13: List of tables and figuresTablesTab
- Page 14 and 15: AbbreviationsADRUGNDUHRBISCCSGLDTFN
- Page 16 and 17: Glossary of termsBenzos: The street
- Page 18 and 19: Executive summaryBackground and stu
- Page 20 and 21: phone and buyers are directed to sp
- Page 22 and 23: Part 1IntroductionCrack cocaine in
- Page 24 and 25: In the light of these concerns, it
- Page 26 and 27: extensive reporting in the US about
- Page 28 and 29: Ten interviews were conducted with
- Page 30 and 31: also offers potential to trace supp
- Page 32 and 33: Part 2Crack cocaine in the Dublin r
- Page 34 and 35: 2.2 Criminal justice data - cocaine
- Page 36 and 37: Prevalence of crack use among homel
- Page 38 and 39: Local survey dataA survey in 2006 o
- Page 40 and 41: Respondent 1: I’d say it’s stil
- Page 42 and 43: 3 Dublin crack cocaine market3.0 Ov
- Page 44 and 45: sold on the street for as little as
- Page 46 and 47: Like, I was down on M… Street in
- Page 48 and 49: 3.4 Marketing crackFour interviewee
- Page 50 and 51: While crack was generally bought al
- Page 52 and 53: • Although a number of dealers, o
- Page 54 and 55: 4.2 Crack use and genderAccording t
- Page 58 and 59: Table 4.4Number of new cases who li
- Page 60 and 61: 5.2 Crack and other drugsMany of th
- Page 62 and 63: Whether treated cases reported crac
- Page 64 and 65: cases of intravenous cocaine use, t
- Page 66 and 67: Table 5.5Number (%) of new cases wh
- Page 68 and 69: Part 3Consequences of crack useCrac
- Page 70 and 71: etween heroin, cocaine and crime. T
- Page 72 and 73: So, they would talk about the kind
- Page 74 and 75: Crack and prostitutionNine services
- Page 76 and 77: On the other hand, reports from two
- Page 78 and 79: often with a prevalence of opiate d
- Page 80 and 81: The data provided by the NDTRS in S
- Page 82 and 83: But you know it would be about kind
- Page 84 and 85: So, debt is another significant iss
- Page 86 and 87: 7.6 Key findings• A significant p
- Page 88 and 89: There are considerable long-term ps
- Page 90: 8.3 Psychological consequences of c
- Page 93 and 94: 9 Treating crack use9.0 OverviewIn
- Page 95 and 96: Some services were in a position to
- Page 97 and 98: Both opiate-dependent and non-opiat
- Page 99 and 100: • more outreach work to identify
- Page 101 and 102: 10 Policing crack markets10.0 Overv
- Page 103 and 104: local communities. There is growing
- Page 105 and 106: He’d know me, I’d know him, you
- Page 107 and 108:
Table 10.1 Number of new cases who
- Page 109 and 110:
108 Crack cocaine in the Dublin reg
- Page 111 and 112:
11 Discussion and research implicat
- Page 113 and 114:
11.2 Responding to crack markets an
- Page 115 and 116:
11.3 Reducing the harm that crack c
- Page 117 and 118:
Shoplifting, burglary and robbery w
- Page 119 and 120:
Bourgois P (2003b) Crack and the po
- Page 121 and 122:
Furey M and Browne C (2004) Opiate
- Page 123 and 124:
Loughran H and McCann ME (2006) A c
- Page 125 and 126:
San Diego Police Department (1998)
- Page 127 and 128:
Appendix A:An evidence base for tre
- Page 129 and 130:
note that providing information on
- Page 131 and 132:
MedicationsA number of studies have
- Page 133 and 134:
interpersonal psychotherapy. Americ
- Page 135 and 136:
Jurisdiction Intervention/Descripti
- Page 137 and 138:
Jurisdiction Intervention/Descripti
- Page 139 and 140:
Appendix C:Recent HRB series public
- Page 141 and 142:
140 Crack cocaine in the Dublin reg