Crack cocaine in the Dublin region - Health Research Board

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2.2 Criminal justice data – cocaine and crack seizuresFigure 2.1 presents data on drug seizures by An Garda Síochána and Customs DrugLaw Enforcement. The data show trends in the numbers of seizures of a selectionof drugs between 2000 and 2006. As Figure 2.1 illustrates, seizures of cocaine haveincreased steadily and considerably since 2000. In 2004, cocaine seizures surpassedheroin seizures for the first time, and by 2005 they had outnumbered seizures ofecstasy-type substances.200018001600Number of seizures14001200100080060040020002000200120022003200420052006Heroin5988027146606127251115Cocaine2063004295667539681324Ecstasy–typesubstances1864148510271083806655771Amphetamines169162243211145119236Figure 2.1 Trends in the number of seizures of selected drugs, excluding cannabis, 2000–2006Source: Annual reports of An Garda Síochána 2000–2006The first reported seizure of crack cocaine appeared in the report of An Garda Síochánafor 1995 and seizures of ‘small amounts’ of crack cocaine were reported in 1996 (AnGarda Síochána 1996; An Garda Síochána 1997). Since 1998, crack has not beenreported as a separate drug from cocaine in the annual reports of An Garda Síochána.Crack cocaine in the Dublin region: an evidence base for a crack cocaine strategy33
In 2003, the Forensic Science Laboratory and the Garda National Drugs Unit (GNDU)undertook a project to screen cocaine seizures for crack. Out of the 122 seizuresamples tested, only 4 were found to have contained crack cocaine (Raggett et al.2003). In 2006, Operation Plaza was launched by An Garda Síochána to examine thecrack market in Dublin and to establish a broad picture of the extent of the crackproblem. Reports from Operation Plaza suggested that non-Irish nationals may haveinitially provided the supply of crack in Dublin. However, according to the GNDU, arelatively small amount of crack was being imported; cocaine was normally importedand sold as powder cocaine, which users themselves prepared as crack. Non-Irishnationals generally imported directly from West Africa. These dealers were regardedby the gardaí as having quite a sophisticated importation system. Unlike Irish dealers,who, it was reported, generally attempted to import 10 kilos or so at a time, non-Irish national dealers tended to use 10 separate couriers to import 1 kilo each (GNDU,personal communication, 19 May 2006). According to the GNDU, between January2005 and December 2007 there were 23 seizures of crack cocaine in the Dublin NorthCentral Division.2.3 Prevalence and harm-reduction dataPrevalence of crack use among the general populationIn 2006-2007, a very low proportion (0.6%) of adults in Ireland aged 15 to 64 yearsreported that they had used crack cocaine at some point in their life (NACD and DAIRU2008). The lifetime use of crack cocaine was most common among men (at 0.8%) andyoung people (at 1.5%). When the survey results were examined by place of residence,the proportion of the population who had ever used crack cocaine in south-westDublin, Wicklow and Kildare was the same as that among the general population. Onein 200 adults living in north Dublin reported that they had used crack cocaine at somepoint in their life. Almost 1% of the population living along the south-east coast ofDublin and Wicklow had ever tried crack cocaine. The authors of the report note thatproblem drug users are under-represented in general population surveys due to theirnomadic and chaotic existence. Special techniques such as ‘capture-recapture’ arerequired to estimate the true number of crack cocaine users in Ireland, but we currentlydo not have the appropriate reporting procedures and data to facilitate such methods. 11This limits our ability to estimate the true size of the population.11 The capture-recapture methodology (CRM) is a method for estimating the prevalence of partially hiddenpopulations such as drug users; it involves combining data from multiple sources.34 Crack cocaine in the Dublin region: an evidence base for a crack cocaine strategy
Page 1 and 2: HRB Research Series6Crack cocaine i
Page 3 and 4: This publication should be cited as
Page 5 and 6: HRB Research Series publicationsto
Page 8 and 9: ContentsList of tables and figures
Page 10 and 11: 7 Social consequences of crack use
Page 12 and 13: List of tables and figuresTablesTab
Page 14 and 15: AbbreviationsADRUGNDUHRBISCCSGLDTFN
Page 16 and 17: Glossary of termsBenzos: The street
Page 18 and 19: Executive summaryBackground and stu
Page 20 and 21: phone and buyers are directed to sp
Page 22 and 23: Part 1IntroductionCrack cocaine in
Page 24 and 25: In the light of these concerns, it
Page 26 and 27: extensive reporting in the US about
Page 28 and 29: Ten interviews were conducted with
Page 30 and 31: also offers potential to trace supp
Page 32 and 33: Part 2Crack cocaine in the Dublin r
Page 36 and 37: Prevalence of crack use among homel
Page 38 and 39: Local survey dataA survey in 2006 o
Page 40 and 41: Respondent 1: I’d say it’s stil
Page 42 and 43: 3 Dublin crack cocaine market3.0 Ov
Page 44 and 45: sold on the street for as little as
Page 46 and 47: Like, I was down on M… Street in
Page 48 and 49: 3.4 Marketing crackFour interviewee
Page 50 and 51: While crack was generally bought al
Page 52 and 53: • Although a number of dealers, o
Page 54 and 55: 4.2 Crack use and genderAccording t
Page 56 and 57: From about 16 to 21 I would say - t
Page 58 and 59: Table 4.4Number of new cases who li
Page 60 and 61: 5.2 Crack and other drugsMany of th
Page 62 and 63: Whether treated cases reported crac
Page 64 and 65: cases of intravenous cocaine use, t
Page 66 and 67: Table 5.5Number (%) of new cases wh
Page 68 and 69: Part 3Consequences of crack useCrac
Page 70 and 71: etween heroin, cocaine and crime. T
Page 72 and 73: So, they would talk about the kind
Page 74 and 75: Crack and prostitutionNine services
Page 76 and 77: On the other hand, reports from two
Page 78 and 79: often with a prevalence of opiate d
Page 80 and 81: The data provided by the NDTRS in S
Page 82 and 83: But you know it would be about kind
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So, debt is another significant iss
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7.6 Key findings• A significant p
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There are considerable long-term ps
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8.3 Psychological consequences of c
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9 Treating crack use9.0 OverviewIn
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Some services were in a position to
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Both opiate-dependent and non-opiat
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• more outreach work to identify
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10 Policing crack markets10.0 Overv
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local communities. There is growing
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He’d know me, I’d know him, you
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Table 10.1 Number of new cases who
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108 Crack cocaine in the Dublin reg
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11 Discussion and research implicat
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11.2 Responding to crack markets an
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11.3 Reducing the harm that crack c
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Shoplifting, burglary and robbery w
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Bourgois P (2003b) Crack and the po
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Furey M and Browne C (2004) Opiate
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Loughran H and McCann ME (2006) A c
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San Diego Police Department (1998)
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Appendix A:An evidence base for tre
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note that providing information on
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MedicationsA number of studies have
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interpersonal psychotherapy. Americ
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Jurisdiction Intervention/Descripti
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Jurisdiction Intervention/Descripti
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Appendix C:Recent HRB series public
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140 Crack cocaine in the Dublin reg
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Crack cocaine in the Dublin region - Health Research Board

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