Six services reported that crack-us<strong>in</strong>g clients on hero<strong>in</strong>-recovery programmes may bereluctant to seek specific treatment for <strong>the</strong>ir crack addiction. Users may believe that<strong>the</strong>y risk suffer<strong>in</strong>g punitive measures from methadone cl<strong>in</strong>ics should <strong>the</strong>y disclose <strong>the</strong>ircrack use or should it be detected <strong>in</strong> ur<strong>in</strong>e analysis. Such penalties could ultimatelylead to a loss of privileges regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir methadone ma<strong>in</strong>tenance, for example <strong>the</strong>loss of ‘takeaways’ – a supply of methadone for a number of days at a time (los<strong>in</strong>g‘takeaways’ means that a client has to attend a cl<strong>in</strong>ic every day for his/her daily doseof methadone). Such a rout<strong>in</strong>e restricts a client’s work<strong>in</strong>g or recreational options. Asa consequence, some users will not disclose <strong>the</strong>ir current drug-use patterns to serviceproviders, and will ei<strong>the</strong>r avoid us<strong>in</strong>g crack when <strong>the</strong>y are due to give a sample ofur<strong>in</strong>e or submit a ‘bogey’ (ano<strong>the</strong>r person’s ur<strong>in</strong>e which is clear of all illicit substances):Some try to hide it because <strong>the</strong> way of deal<strong>in</strong>g with people with hero<strong>in</strong> nowadays is that if youhave a dirty ur<strong>in</strong>e you’re penalised. Penalty usually is that you’re put on dailies. Which meansyou can’t go on holidays, you can but it’s very, very difficult. You can’t get a job becauseyou’ve to go to <strong>the</strong> chemist every day. Unless you happen to have a time that’s very, verysuitable. So, <strong>the</strong>re are lots of difficulties <strong>the</strong>re for people. So, <strong>the</strong> whole climate of not say<strong>in</strong>gwhat you’re on is <strong>the</strong>re. So, that makes it difficult alright? So, we would have a number ofpeople that are us<strong>in</strong>g crack yes.Tallaght, drug-treatment service (October 2007)Similarly, users on education or tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g programmes, which require a stable lifestyle,may fear that disclos<strong>in</strong>g crack use will lead to <strong>the</strong>ir expulsion from <strong>the</strong>se programmes:I’d say it’s a lot of fear about how people are go<strong>in</strong>g to approach <strong>the</strong>m or maybe <strong>the</strong>y’ll lose<strong>the</strong>ir course, or <strong>the</strong>ir job. So, you know it’s community employment and it’s you know basictra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g programmes, but it means a lot to <strong>the</strong>m, and to lose that to <strong>the</strong>m would be a greatfear and <strong>the</strong>y probably wouldn’t … that’s why we’re say<strong>in</strong>g that … well <strong>the</strong>n a lot talk aboutit, and when I ask people you know what are you see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area? They’ll tell me what<strong>the</strong>y’re see<strong>in</strong>g and who’s tak<strong>in</strong>g it but not … but that <strong>the</strong>y’re not.Ballyfermot, drug-treatment service (November 2007)They’re probably not say<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y’re us<strong>in</strong>g it, yeah, see it’s difficult down here for us, like, alot of <strong>the</strong> people who come <strong>in</strong> here would be on a community employment programme andyou have to be fairly stable, like <strong>the</strong>y’re not go<strong>in</strong>g to come <strong>in</strong> here and say, say <strong>the</strong>y’re onmethadone and <strong>the</strong>y’re on 80 mls of methadone, <strong>the</strong>y can’t come <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>n and say <strong>the</strong> nextday – listen I’m after be<strong>in</strong>g out all night smok<strong>in</strong>g crack. Because you’re not stable, know whatI mean? The criteria for our programme is you have to be fairly stable to rema<strong>in</strong> on this, soit’s a bit of a catch, you know what I mean?south <strong>in</strong>ner city, drug-treatment service (September 2007)<strong>Crack</strong> <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dubl<strong>in</strong> <strong>region</strong>: an evidence base for a crack <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> strategy95
Both opiate-dependent and non-opiate-dependent crack users may not believe thatexist<strong>in</strong>g drug-treatment services, which are geared towards <strong>the</strong> demands of hero<strong>in</strong>addiction, can help <strong>the</strong>m, given that <strong>the</strong>re is no pharmacological substitute such asmethadone:I suppose <strong>the</strong>re’s not a lot to offer <strong>the</strong>m ei<strong>the</strong>r you know. Like methadone is a great carrot todraw people <strong>in</strong>to a service, because you know with treatment, but <strong>the</strong>re isn’t <strong>the</strong> equivalent<strong>the</strong>re for <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> users…north-<strong>in</strong>ner city, drug-treatment service (August 2007)Yeah, some are look<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t of go<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to treatment. But ma<strong>in</strong>ly aga<strong>in</strong> that’s becausewhat’s <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcement for <strong>the</strong>m go<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to treatment? You know that that’s <strong>the</strong> specialist <strong>in</strong>opiate addiction and <strong>the</strong> clients know that, you know. So, we know when a client comes <strong>in</strong>and maybe has an opiate problem and maybe would identify straight away what programme<strong>the</strong>y want to go to, we can give <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation. Aga<strong>in</strong> put it back to coke and crack,where is <strong>the</strong> specialist residential programme <strong>the</strong>re?Clondalk<strong>in</strong>, drug-treatment service (October 2007)9.4 Reta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g crack users <strong>in</strong> treatmentEncourag<strong>in</strong>g clients to attend regular appo<strong>in</strong>tments and <strong>the</strong>rapy sessions can beproblematic. Users seek<strong>in</strong>g treatment often look for an immediate response, such asa residential programme or counsell<strong>in</strong>g, which a service may not be <strong>in</strong> a position toprovide. Seven services reported <strong>the</strong> difficulties <strong>in</strong>volved when clients seek treatment <strong>in</strong>a chaotic state, and services may f<strong>in</strong>d it hard to assess <strong>the</strong>se clients and communicatewith <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> a mean<strong>in</strong>gful way. This is especially problematic given <strong>the</strong> risk that <strong>the</strong>user may not seek help aga<strong>in</strong> for a long period of time:But those on crack or <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> usually, it’s very fleet<strong>in</strong>g that you’d see <strong>the</strong>m, very ... do youknow do you f<strong>in</strong>d like <strong>the</strong>y’d be hectic, a lot more hectic <strong>the</strong>y’d be <strong>in</strong> and out and you mightsee him for once this week and <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> a couple of weeks’ time. So, it’s very hit and miss asto how often you’d see <strong>the</strong>m, you wouldn’t be able to say ‘oh that person is go<strong>in</strong>g to be <strong>in</strong>this day’, <strong>the</strong>re would be no pattern with <strong>the</strong>m like.north-<strong>in</strong>ner city, drug-treatment service (September/October 2007)S<strong>in</strong>ce crack has come <strong>in</strong>, that has k<strong>in</strong>d of shifted. And a lot of crisis com<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> centre, alot of panic. You know and it’s quite hard to manage that from a service po<strong>in</strong>t of view … wetry to accommodate, we try to be <strong>the</strong>re when needed. It might take over <strong>the</strong> whole centre.So, your structured appo<strong>in</strong>tments have to k<strong>in</strong>d of take a back seat which you know it’s hardgett<strong>in</strong>g that balanc<strong>in</strong>g act … you need to be able to get to see <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>n and <strong>the</strong>re. If youdon’t, you lose <strong>the</strong>m.Clondalk<strong>in</strong>, drug-treatment service (October 2007)96 <strong>Crack</strong> <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dubl<strong>in</strong> <strong>region</strong>: an evidence base for a crack <strong>coca<strong>in</strong>e</strong> strategy
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HRB Research Series6Crack cocaine i
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This publication should be cited as
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HRB Research Series publicationsto
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ContentsList of tables and figures
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7 Social consequences of crack use
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List of tables and figuresTablesTab
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AbbreviationsADRUGNDUHRBISCCSGLDTFN
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Glossary of termsBenzos: The street
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Executive summaryBackground and stu
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phone and buyers are directed to sp
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Part 1IntroductionCrack cocaine in
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In the light of these concerns, it
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extensive reporting in the US about
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Ten interviews were conducted with
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also offers potential to trace supp
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Part 2Crack cocaine in the Dublin r
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2.2 Criminal justice data - cocaine
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Prevalence of crack use among homel
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Local survey dataA survey in 2006 o
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Respondent 1: I’d say it’s stil
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3 Dublin crack cocaine market3.0 Ov
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sold on the street for as little as
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- Page 66 and 67: Table 5.5Number (%) of new cases wh
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- Page 103 and 104: local communities. There is growing
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- Page 119 and 120: Bourgois P (2003b) Crack and the po
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- Page 125 and 126: San Diego Police Department (1998)
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- Page 129 and 130: note that providing information on
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