Crack cocaine in the Dublin region - Health Research Board

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Glossary of termsBenzos: The street name for benzodiazepines, which are an effective treatment foranxiety, insomnia and some forms of epilepsy and spasticity. Benzodiazepines arerequired only when the disorder is severe, disabling or subjecting the individual toextreme distress. It is recommended that benzodiazepines are prescribed for shortperiods only. Dependence is now recognised as a significant risk in patients receivingsuch medication for longer than one month.Crack cocaine: A form of smokeable cocaine sold at street level in small lumps or‘rocks’. Crack is formed by dissolving powder cocaine (cocaine hydrochloride) in water,to which an alkali (such as ammonia, sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide) isadded; the mixture is heated and then dried into hard smokeable lumps. These lumpscontain not only alkaloid cocaine but sodium bicarbonate and whatever other filtersand adulterants had been added to the original cocaine powder. The name crack isderived from the cracking sound made when ‘rocks’ are being heated and smoked.Smoking crack produces a rapid intense high which lasts for about two minutes, and isfollowed by a less intense but pleasurable feeling which lasts for about 20 minutes.Freebase: A purer form of crack cocaine where, before it solidifies, the alkaloidcocaine is dissolved in a solvent (such as ether) and gently heated to ensure that theremaining liquid is evaporated. When ignited, the resulting product produces vapours ofrelatively pure cocaine. Essentially, freebase has an additional purification process anddelivers to the user purer cocaine than either powder cocaine or crack cocaine.Halfway house: A rehabilitation facility for individuals who no longer require the fullservices of a hospital or other institution, but who are not yet ready to return to theircommunities.Intranasal: Means ‘within the nose’ and, in this report, refers to the administration ofsubstances such as powder cocaine which can be snorted using a rolled banknote, forexample.Intravenous (IV): Means ‘within a vein’, and normally refers to the administration ofmedications or fluids (solutions) through a needle or tube inserted into a vein, whichallows immediate access to the blood supply.Mainlining: A lay term for intravenous drug use.Crack cocaine in the Dublin region: an evidence base for a crack cocaine strategy15
Poppers: The street or popular name for various alkyl nitrites, including isobutylnitrite, butyl nitrite, and amyl nitrite; used as a stimulant drug producing a briefeuphoric effect.Powder cocaine: Cocaine hydrochloride, the most commonly used form of cocaine; awhite crystalline powder which can be taken intranasally or which, when dissolved inwater, can be taken intravenously (by vein).Problem drug use: Defined by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and DrugAddiction (EMCDDA) as injecting drug use or long-duration/regular use of opioids,cocaine (including crack) and/or amphetamines.Recreational drug use: The use of drugs for pleasure or leisure; characteristicallyregular but controlled, usually taking place in a social group and meeting a variety ofindividual and group needs. The term is often used to denote the use of ecstasy andother ‘dance drugs’, and implies that drug use has become part of someone’s social life,even though they may take drugs only occasionally.Skin pop: When a drug is injected beneath the skin rather than into a vein or muscle.16 Crack cocaine in the Dublin region: an evidence base for a crack cocaine strategy
Page 1 and 2: HRB Research Series6Crack cocaine i
Page 3 and 4: This publication should be cited as
Page 5 and 6: HRB Research Series publicationsto
Page 8 and 9: ContentsList of tables and figures
Page 10 and 11: 7 Social consequences of crack use
Page 12 and 13: List of tables and figuresTablesTab
Page 14 and 15: AbbreviationsADRUGNDUHRBISCCSGLDTFN
Page 18 and 19: Executive summaryBackground and stu
Page 20 and 21: phone and buyers are directed to sp
Page 22 and 23: Part 1IntroductionCrack cocaine in
Page 24 and 25: In the light of these concerns, it
Page 26 and 27: extensive reporting in the US about
Page 28 and 29: Ten interviews were conducted with
Page 30 and 31: also offers potential to trace supp
Page 32 and 33: Part 2Crack cocaine in the Dublin r
Page 34 and 35: 2.2 Criminal justice data - cocaine
Page 36 and 37: Prevalence of crack use among homel
Page 38 and 39: Local survey dataA survey in 2006 o
Page 40 and 41: Respondent 1: I’d say it’s stil
Page 42 and 43: 3 Dublin crack cocaine market3.0 Ov
Page 44 and 45: sold on the street for as little as
Page 46 and 47: Like, I was down on M… Street in
Page 48 and 49: 3.4 Marketing crackFour interviewee
Page 50 and 51: While crack was generally bought al
Page 52 and 53: • Although a number of dealers, o
Page 54 and 55: 4.2 Crack use and genderAccording t
Page 56 and 57: From about 16 to 21 I would say - t
Page 58 and 59: Table 4.4Number of new cases who li
Page 60 and 61: 5.2 Crack and other drugsMany of th
Page 62 and 63: Whether treated cases reported crac
Page 64 and 65: cases of intravenous cocaine use, t
Page 66 and 67:
Table 5.5Number (%) of new cases wh
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Part 3Consequences of crack useCrac
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etween heroin, cocaine and crime. T
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So, they would talk about the kind
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Crack and prostitutionNine services
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On the other hand, reports from two
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often with a prevalence of opiate d
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The data provided by the NDTRS in S
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But you know it would be about kind
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So, debt is another significant iss
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7.6 Key findings• A significant p
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There are considerable long-term ps
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8.3 Psychological consequences of c
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9 Treating crack use9.0 OverviewIn
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Some services were in a position to
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Both opiate-dependent and non-opiat
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• more outreach work to identify
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10 Policing crack markets10.0 Overv
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local communities. There is growing
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He’d know me, I’d know him, you
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Table 10.1 Number of new cases who
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108 Crack cocaine in the Dublin reg
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11 Discussion and research implicat
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11.2 Responding to crack markets an
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11.3 Reducing the harm that crack c
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Shoplifting, burglary and robbery w
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Bourgois P (2003b) Crack and the po
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Furey M and Browne C (2004) Opiate
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Loughran H and McCann ME (2006) A c
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San Diego Police Department (1998)
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Appendix A:An evidence base for tre
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note that providing information on
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MedicationsA number of studies have
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interpersonal psychotherapy. Americ
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Jurisdiction Intervention/Descripti
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Jurisdiction Intervention/Descripti
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Appendix C:Recent HRB series public
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140 Crack cocaine in the Dublin reg
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Crack cocaine in the Dublin region - Health Research Board

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