Crack cocaine in the Dublin region - Health Research Board

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Appendix B:An evidence base for crackcocaine law enforcementThe following is an extract taken from an annotated bibliography of studies evaluatingthe effectiveness of a variety of police-led drug law enforcement interventions aimed atreducing drug problems.Source: Mazerolle L, Soole D and Rombouts S (2005) Monograph number 5: drug lawenforcement: the evidence. DPMP Monograph series. Fitzroy: Turning Point Alcohol andDrug Centre: AustraliaJurisdiction Intervention/Description Main Findings/EffectivenessVancouver, Canada2003CrackdownLarge-scale enforcement operation to reducedealing and use in downtown’s Eastside.Saturation patrol with arrests.No significant impact on changes in levelsof drug use, frequency of drug use, or drugprice. Significant shift in locations wheredrugs were used,, significant reduction in thewillingness of users to inject at safe injectionsites.Evidence of displacement of drug activity tomore private locations10 Londonboroughs, UK2000CrackdownConcentrated, time-limited and intensivepolice operations targeting street-level anddrug house dealers for arrest and drugseizure.Many arrests and a large amount of drugsseized. However, no significant overallchanges in availability, purity or price ofheroin, cocaine or cannabis. No significanteffects on crime rates. However, localresidents did report a reduction in fear ofcrime.Western Chicago,Illinois1999DiversionDistressed Neighbourhoods InitiativeMulti phase process initially involvingsaturation patrolling followed by continuedhigh visibility patrolling of problem areas withthe support of public and private agenciesCrime prevention is implemented throughenvironmental design techniques. Public andprivate agencies promote investment in thecommunityVirtual elimination of the drug market and allassociated drug activity. Reduction in thepercentage of drug related incidents (from50% to 22%), as well as dramatic decreasesin reported crime (90%) and calls for service(72%).Crack cocaine in the Dublin region: an evidence base for a crack cocaine strategy133
Jurisdiction Intervention/Description Main Findings/EffectivenessKings CrossLondon, UK1999Arrest ReferralCapital Care Project (CCP)Program targets drug abusing sex workers.Offenders are referred to a number oftreatment services and agencies by a NeedsAssessment Worker (NAW). Aim is to reducedrug use and related offending.Intervention had very little effect on heroinand crack use rates. Frequency of daily use,average amount used, daily expenditure andfrequency of injecting and smoking wereunaffected as a result of the intervention.North- WestWashington DC1997Diversion Levis Street ProjectSet up observation posts, conductedundercover buys, reverse stings, aggressivepatrol (with a zero-tolerance approach),traffic stops and vehicle checks, periodicK9 (sniffer dogs) sweeps of the area andused other investigative techniques to gainarrest and search warrants. Crime preventionthrough environmental design techniquessuch as foliage trimming, removal of rubbishand abandoned vehicles, inspections ofbusinesses and properties and changing thestreet to a one-way roadObserved drug dealing decreased. Residentsreported improvements in quality of life,increased feelings of safety, more satisfactionwith the neighbourhood and improvedperceptions of the police.Spokane,Washington1996Drug Nuisance Abatement & Civil RemediesWest First ProjectCivil remedies initiative involving codeenforcement, cooperation with the liquorboard, prosecution of gang members underorganised crime statutes and enhancementof correctional supervision of offendersliving in the project area. Crime preventionthrough environmental design techniques alsoemployed to create defensible space.Violent crime reduced by 75%. Calls forservice and officer initiated activity decreasedby 35%. Observations of communityrevitalisation and an elimination of criminalactivity which was replaced with legitimatebusiness activity.134 Crack cocaine in the Dublin region: an evidence base for a crack cocaine strategy
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HRB Research Series6Crack cocaine i
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This publication should be cited as
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HRB Research Series publicationsto
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ContentsList of tables and figures
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7 Social consequences of crack use
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List of tables and figuresTablesTab
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AbbreviationsADRUGNDUHRBISCCSGLDTFN
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Glossary of termsBenzos: The street
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Executive summaryBackground and stu
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phone and buyers are directed to sp
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Part 1IntroductionCrack cocaine in
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In the light of these concerns, it
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extensive reporting in the US about
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Ten interviews were conducted with
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also offers potential to trace supp
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Part 2Crack cocaine in the Dublin r
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2.2 Criminal justice data - cocaine
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Prevalence of crack use among homel
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Local survey dataA survey in 2006 o
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Respondent 1: I’d say it’s stil
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3 Dublin crack cocaine market3.0 Ov
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sold on the street for as little as
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Like, I was down on M… Street in
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3.4 Marketing crackFour interviewee
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While crack was generally bought al
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• Although a number of dealers, o
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4.2 Crack use and genderAccording t
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From about 16 to 21 I would say - t
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Table 4.4Number of new cases who li
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5.2 Crack and other drugsMany of th
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Whether treated cases reported crac
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cases of intravenous cocaine use, t
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Table 5.5Number (%) of new cases wh
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Part 3Consequences of crack useCrac
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etween heroin, cocaine and crime. T
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So, they would talk about the kind
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Crack and prostitutionNine services
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On the other hand, reports from two
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often with a prevalence of opiate d
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The data provided by the NDTRS in S
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But you know it would be about kind
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Page 86 and 87: 7.6 Key findings• A significant p
Page 88 and 89: There are considerable long-term ps
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Page 93 and 94: 9 Treating crack use9.0 OverviewIn
Page 95 and 96: Some services were in a position to
Page 97 and 98: Both opiate-dependent and non-opiat
Page 99 and 100: • more outreach work to identify
Page 101 and 102: 10 Policing crack markets10.0 Overv
Page 103 and 104: local communities. There is growing
Page 105 and 106: He’d know me, I’d know him, you
Page 107 and 108: Table 10.1 Number of new cases who
Page 109 and 110: 108 Crack cocaine in the Dublin reg
Page 111 and 112: 11 Discussion and research implicat
Page 113 and 114: 11.2 Responding to crack markets an
Page 115 and 116: 11.3 Reducing the harm that crack c
Page 117 and 118: Shoplifting, burglary and robbery w
Page 119 and 120: Bourgois P (2003b) Crack and the po
Page 121 and 122: Furey M and Browne C (2004) Opiate
Page 123 and 124: Loughran H and McCann ME (2006) A c
Page 125 and 126: San Diego Police Department (1998)
Page 127 and 128: Appendix A:An evidence base for tre
Page 129 and 130: note that providing information on
Page 131 and 132: MedicationsA number of studies have
Page 133: interpersonal psychotherapy. Americ
Page 137 and 138: Jurisdiction Intervention/Descripti
Page 139 and 140: Appendix C:Recent HRB series public
Page 141 and 142: 140 Crack cocaine in the Dublin reg
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Crack cocaine in the Dublin region - Health Research Board

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