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1 0 2 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o h i s t o ry a n d t e c h n o l o g yFigure 8. J39 bisect cover by the postmaster of Jefferson. This cover is now cover No. 14 inPauley’s arbitrary numbering scheme. From the collection of Harry K. Charles, Jr.of the Jefferson, Iowa CDS and a circular bars cork cancelin black ink. Further details of this cover and the othertwelve covers reported by Pauley are given in notes 11 and12, as well as in the other articles by Pauley.There is a fourteenth cover which was unknown toPauley, at least through November 1990, the date of hislast article. This cover is shown in Figure 8. As can beseen from Figure 8, the cover is very similar to the one inFigure 7 except it is addressed to J. M. Alexander, ratherthan George Herring. Only Pauley covers Nos. 1, 2, and13 were distinctly different. Cover No. 1 is on a wrapperin the Miller Collection; cover No. 2 is addressed to adifferent town and resides in the Pauley Collection; andcover No. 13 is again a wrapper addressed to BenjaminJacques, the same addressee as on Pauley No. 1. It is believedthat all the Jefferson, Iowa, bisect covers exceptPauley’s No. 1, No. 2, and No. 13 were prepared by E. B.Stillman and sent to himself, his family, and co- workers,employees, or friends. Apparently, Stillman recognizedthe importance of the locally prepared bisect and preparedcovers which would require McCarthy to use oneof his newly created “rarities.” In fact, it is likely thatthe newspaper print shop run by Stillman’s sons did theprinting. The back stamps on cover “No. 14” (maintainingPauley’s numbering scheme) are almost identical tothe markings on the back of the cover shown in Figure 7(Pauley No. 5). The back stamps on the cover in Figure 7are described in the text above.There are five Stillmans, four Herrings, two Jacques,and, now, two Alexanders among the Jefferson, Iowa, covers.There are also eight left- side bisects and only six rights.As can be easily seen in Figures 7 and 8 , the commonlyreferred to “Due 1 cent” was actually “Due I cent” apparentlydue to the typesetter’s error in selecting an uppercase “I” instead of a “1” in the type face used. 13 The blacksurcharge is approximately 2.5 mm high by 17 mm long.A Clinton, Iowa, bisect is shown in Figure 9, againthrough the courtesy of Dr. Clarke Yarbrough. The diagonalbisect is hand- stamped “Due 1” in black ink and wascancelled on February 14, 1896, Valentine’s Day.SummaryUnited States stamp production was unexpectedlytransferred from the American Bank Note Company tothe Bureau of Engraving and Printing in 1894. The BEPhad little experience with stamp production and lackedcritical machinery necessary to produce postage stamps.Up to 1894, it was strictly focused on producing currency.Although the BEP mounted Herculean efforts, there weremany start- up problems including maintaining inventory,lack of distribution infrastructure, and general issues associatedwith the learning curve of a new business. Suchproblems led to spot stamp shortages especially in smalltowns and rural areas. In certain instances, postmasters
n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 0 3Figure 9. J39 Clinton, Iowa, diagonal postage due bisect. “Due 1” is hand stamped in blackink. This is one of the three known examples. From the collection of Clarke Yarbrough. Reprintedwith permission.responded to these shortages by creating bisects and provisionals.The postage- due bisects and provisionals of the1895 period were created in direct response to the lack ofcertain postage- due values. Being few in number, 14 thesepostage- due varieties represent some of the scarcest andleast- known United States stamp usages and are worthyof further study.Notes1. R. Trepel with K. Lawrence, Rarity Revealed: The BenjaminK. Miller Collection. Published by the Smithsonian and theNew York Public Library, 2006, p.162.2. Frank Noll, “Postage and Progressivism: Political Ideologyand the Start of Postage Stamp Production at the Bureau ofEngraving in Printing 1893–1894” Winton M. Blount Symposiumon Postal History, November 3–4, 2006, pp 1–26. http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/symposium2006/papers.html PDF.3. Scott Numbers can be found in the Scott Specialized Catalogueby the Scott Publishing Company, PO Box 828, Sidney,Ohio 45365- 0828.4. Plate No. 34 was only used to make Scott No. J30stamps according to Durland. J30 is the vermilion shade and itfluoresces under long wavelength UV light. The plate proof inFigure 2 fluoresces although it is clearly claret in color. Muchcontroversy still remains over the colors of the first issue Bureaudues, but the current thinking is that most values of the earlyBureau dues were printed using both fluorescent and nonfluorescentinks.5. Walter A. McIntire, “United States Postage Due Stamps,The Broken 3¢ Die- Series of 1894,” The Bureau Specialist, VolumeXXXVI, No. 4 April 1965, pp 124–126.6. Budd Dickey, “The Beginning of Postage Stamp Productionby the Bureau of Engraving and Printing,” The UnitedStates Specialist, Vol. 55, No. 11, November 1984, pp 487–493.7. John N. Luff, The Postage Stamps of the United States,Scott Stamp and Coin Company, New York, New York, 1902,pp 245–252.8. Warren R. Bower, “Puzzles in (the) 1894 ABN Transfer ofits Postage Dues to (the) BEP” The United States Specialist, Vol.56 No. 4, April 1985, pp 153–156.9. Warren R. Bower, “The 1895 Bisected J23 Dues of Thomson,New York,” The United States Specialist, Vol. 54, No. 2,February 1983, pp 88–89.
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Smithsonian InstitutionScholarly Pr
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smithsonian contributions to histor
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ContentsLETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR OF
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AcknowledgmentsThe symposium would
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2 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t
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1 0 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n
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“Little Colored Bits of Paper”C
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 7as something
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 9protest came
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 1nals I revie
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WWI Philatelic Censuses of East Afr
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 5Table 1. GEA
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 7Figure 5. MA
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Explorations in the Official Regist
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 3 1receipts. De
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 3 3TABLE 2. Pop
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 3 5different ge
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Introduction to the Second Symposiu
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“Food Will Win the War”: Motor
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