The Winton M. Blount Postal History Symposia - Smithsonian ...

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2 6 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o h i s t o ry a n d t e c h n o l o g y• ½C.—printed matter rate• 1C.—domestic postal card rate• 2½C—domestic letter rate• 5C.—foreign letter rate.Figure 4. 5C. Kionga stamp. 2 From the collection of Alfred F.Kugel. Used by permission.After many more years of “discussions,” the Britishpressured Germany and Portugal to divide the area, givingthe northern half to Germany and the southern to Portugal.This was the position when WWI began in August1914. Portugal was neutral until March 1916 (and in factpermitted mail from GEA through Mozambique to Portugaland then to Germany for some months). Portugal enteredthe war on March 9, 1916 and occupied the Kiongatriangle on April 10. Seven weeks later, on May 29, Portugalissued a set of four stamps overprinted ‘KIONGA’ foruse in its new territory. (See Figure 4)The underlying stamps depict King Carlos and arefrom the 1898 issue of Lourenço Marques (a province ofPortuguese East Africa). King Carlos was assassinated in1908, and the Portuguese monarchy was overthrown in1910. These Lourenço Marques stamps were locally overprinted“republica” and issued in 1916. These obsoletestamps were further overprinted “kionga” and issued onMay 29, 1916.In 1913, the currency changed from 1,000 Reis = 1Milreis, to 100 Centavos = 1 Escudo. Kionga stamps arealso surcharged with new values in Centavos:The order of the two overprints and the surcharges isnot clear. We presume “republica” first, new value surchargessecond, and “kionga” last, but we have no directconfirmation of this.There was great interest in “War Stamps” in WorldWar I—stamps issued by the combatants for use in occupiedterritories. The Kionga stamps were very popularand are quite available even today, both mint and used.There are fifty covers and cards known from Kionga inWorld War I. Of these, at least thirty went through themails (they bear appropriate civilian and/or military censormarks, transit cancels, and/or receiving cancels).The destinations of these covers are shown in Table 2.Of the two covers to Brazil, both went to Rio de Janeirovia Lisbon (see Figure 5). One was censored in Mozambique,and the other in Lisbon. Finally, one bears a Rioreceiving cancel, the other does not. The one cover toDenmark (Copenhagen) went via Palma (a border town innortheast PEA) and Lisbon and was censored in Dieppe,France.The one cover to France (Paris) went via Biera (a townon the PEA coast) was censored both in Biera and Parisand bears a Paris receiving cancel. The three covers toNyassa are all to Mocimboa da Praia. Two are via Palma,and one is reported as via Tipo, but no censoring or receivingcancels are reported. There are six covers to Portugal(five to Lisbon, one to Coimbra). Three are fieldpost cards,with two censored in Lisbon (August 1918) and one notcensored (September 1918). The other three are commercialcovers, one censored in Lourenço Marques, one probablyin Lisbon, and one at an unknown location. Two ofthese bear Lisbon receiving cancels.There are two covers to South West Africa in the census,both to Keetmanshoop. The January 1917 cover wascensored in Lourenço Marques; the June 1918 cover wascensored in Beira. Both were also censored in Capetown.The January 1917 cover travelled via Lourenço Marques;the June 1918 cover travelled via Palma, Moçambique,Table 2. Destinations of Kionga CoversBrazil 2 Nyassa 3 Switzerland 7Denmark 1 Portugal 6 United Kingdom 7France 1 South West Africa 2 United States 1
n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 7Figure 5. MAI 16, 1917 Kionga cover to Brazil. 2 Used by permission of the author, Alfred F.Kugel, and Robert E. Lamb.and Beira. Finally, both covers bear Keetmanshoop receivingcancels.There are seven covers in the census to Switzerland, allto philatelic addressees (but all of which actually travelledthrough the mails). Four covers went to Moudon, and three toBasel. Two of the Moudon covers were sent in April 1917—these were both censored in Lourenço Marques, and one wasalso censored in Capetown. Two other covers to Moudonwere sent in October 1917—these were both censored inLyon, France. All four covers to Moudon bear Moudon receivingcancels. One cover to Basel in January 1918 was censoredby the French in London, with Palma, Moçambique,and London transit cancels. Another cover to Basel, sent onFebruary 12, 1918, was censored in Capetown, with a LourençoMarques transit cancel. Another cover to Basel, sentonly two days later on February 14, 1918, was also censoredin Capetown, but with Palma and London transit cancels. Allthree covers to Basel bear Basel receiving cancels.There are seven covers recorded to the United Kingdom(five to London, one to Nottingham, and one toOxford). A June 1916 cover to London was censored inLourenço Marques and bears a London receiving cancel.Two covers to London in October and November 1916were censored in Moçambique with Lisbon transit andLondon receiving cancels. A February 1917 cover to Nottinghamwas censored in Lourenço Marques and Moçambique(only the front has survived). A February 1917cover to London was censored in Lisbon (?) and Londonand bears a London receiving cancel. A June 1917 cover toOxford was censored in Beira and has Beira and Liverpooltransit cancels. Finally, an August 1917 cover to Londonwas censored in Lourenço Marques.There is one cover recorded to the United States (NewYork). It was sent April 1917, was censored in LourençoMarques, bears a New York receiving cancel, and no othercensor or transit cancels.ConclusionsFor the GEA 1 Rupie watermarked stamps, we see thatuse began in two towns in the middle of the Mittellandbahn,thence to Morogoro, Daressalam (both farther easton the Mittellandbahn) and Lindi in the far south, then
Page 1 and 2: Smithsonian InstitutionScholarly Pr
Page 3 and 4: smithsonian contributions to histor
Page 5: ContentsLETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR OF
Page 9: AcknowledgmentsThe symposium would
Page 12 and 13: 2 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t
Page 20 and 21: 1 0 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n
Page 25 and 26: “Little Colored Bits of Paper”C
Page 27 and 28: n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 7as something
Page 29 and 30: n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 9protest came
Page 31 and 32: n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 1nals I revie
Page 33 and 34: WWI Philatelic Censuses of East Afr
Page 35: n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 5Table 1. GEA
Page 39 and 40: Explorations in the Official Regist
Page 41 and 42: n u m b e r 5 5 • 3 1receipts. De
Page 43 and 44: n u m b e r 5 5 • 3 3TABLE 2. Pop
Page 45 and 46: n u m b e r 5 5 • 3 5different ge
Page 47: Introduction to the Second Symposiu
Page 59 and 60: “Food Will Win the War”: Motor
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Page 63 and 64: n u m b e r 5 5 • 5 3support for
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 7 7Figure 9. Th
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 7 9“B.C.O.F.
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Introduction to the Fourth Symposiu
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“Why Is a Raven Like a Writing De
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 2 3and prepai
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 2 5Figure 3.
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 2 7Figure 5.
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 2 9A Final No
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America’s First Carrier Service:T
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 3 3Figure 3.
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 3 5The glazed
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 3 7Intercity
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 3 9The End of
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The U.S. 1847 Issue:Stamps That Cha
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 4 3the positi
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 4 5stamps as
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From the Pulpit to the Post: Anti-
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 4 9The allege
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 5 1Individual
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