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2 0 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o h i s t o ry a n d t e c h n o l o g ythe “greatest merchant in America.” As postmaster general hespearheaded postal reform, such as the RFD experiment, whichsome progressive reformers supported because of its capacityto unify the nation. William Leach argues that Wana maker’sgoal was to increase the public’s access to goods, subsidizedby the government. Since he was a department store merchant,he favored other large- scale retailers, like Sears, Roebuck, andCompany’s mail order business. See: William Leach, Land ofDesire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture(New York: Pantheon Books, 1993), 32–35, 182–184. ForWanamaker’s fascination with world fairs, see: Herbert AdamsGibbons, John Wanamaker (Port Washington, N.Y.,: KennikatPress, 1971), 153–180.6. Mekeel was interviewed in “Postage- Stamp Collectors,”New York Times September 7, 1890, 17. The government’s exhibitincluded stamped paper, models of postal coaches and mailequipment, photographs, maps, and examples from the DeadLetter Office. USPOD also operated a working post office whereColumbians could be purchased at the Fair. United States PostOffice Department, Annual Report of the Postmaster- Generalof the United States for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1892(Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1892): 74.Congress appropriated $40,000 for the postal station and anadditional $23,000 for transporting the mail to and from thefairgrounds over the course of the Exposition.7. American Philatelic Association, Catalogue of the AmericanPhilatelic Association’s Loan Exhibit of Postage Stamps tothe United States Post Office Department at the World’s ColumbianExposition Chicago, 1893: 3. Albert R. Rogers, “AmericanPhilatelic Association’s Exhibit of Postage Stamps at the World’sColumbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893,” American Philatelist,Vol. 7, no. 3 (March 10, 1893): 33–35. Memo, “Inventory ofArticles turned over to Mr. Tyler,” Albert H. Hall, “Letter toHon. Wilson S. Bissell,” in RG 28, Records of the Post OfficeDepartment, Office of the Third Assistant Postmaster General(Stamps and Stamped Envelopes) Correspondence, 1847–1907(Washington, D. C.: March 2, 1894).There is a slight disconnectbetween Mekeel’s and the APA’s version of who asked whom toparticipate in the exhibition. I represented both here, but tendto believe APA’s version since it was their committee. Mekeelmay have been discussing what he heard through his network,because APA hadn’t formed a committee to deal with the exhibitionin 1890.8. For background information on the post- Civil War andprogressive eras see: Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order,1877–1920, 1st ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967). Steven J.Diner, A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era,1st ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), William Leach, Landof Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New AmericanCulture (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993), Alan Trachtenbergand Eric Foner, The Incorporation of America : Culture andSociety in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982).Arthur Stanley Link and Richard L. McCormick, Progressivism(Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson Inc., 1983).9. Arthur J. Palethorpe, The Study of Philately (Bury S. Edmund’s,England: Nunn, Christie & Co., 1886): 6. AmericanJournal of Philately, Second Series, Vol. 1, (1888), opening page.The Northwestern Philatelist: A Monthly Magazine Devoted tothe Science of Philately (Elk Point, South Dakota: J.C. Richard,R.J. Ellis, 1899–1900). American Philatelic Association, Catalogueof the American Philatelic Association’s Loan Exhibit ofPostage Stamps to the United States Post Office Department atthe World’s Columbian Exposition Chicago, 1893 (Birmingham,CT: D.H. Bacon and Company, 1893), 10; James Rees, “Clerkin the Philadelphia Post Office,” Foot- prints of a Letter- Carrier,(Philadelphia,1866).10. Hallgren, All About Stamps, 185–186. The first permanentorganization in the world was the London Philatelic Groupin 1869, now known as the Royal Philatelic Society. Letter fromTheo. F. Cuno, S. B. Bradt, W. G. Whilden, Jr. to The Philatelistsof the United States, June 25, 1886 published in Official CircularNumber 1, American Philatelic Association, (November 1886):opening page.11. Neil Harris, “American Poster Collecting,” 13–15. EllenGruber Garvey, “Dreaming in Commerce: Advertising TradeCard Scrapbooks,” in Acts of Possession: Collecting in America,ed., Leah Dilworth (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UniversityPress, 2003), 66–85.12. Edward Denny Bacon, Catalogue of the Crawford Libraryof Philatelic Literature at the British Library, Rev. ed.(Fishkill, N. Y.: Printer’s Stone in association with the BritishLibrary, 1991). For example of such journals see: EvergreenState Philatelist (Hartland, Wash.: R. W. French, 1894–1900),California Philatelist (San Francisco, Ca.: E. F. Gambs, 1883–1899), Southern Philatelist (Charleston, S. C.: Southern Stampand Publishing, 1889–1896), Virginia Philatelist (Richmond,Va.: Virginia Philatelic Publishing, 1897–1905), Ohio Philatelist(Westerville, Ohio: H. W. Keller, 1888–1889), St. LouisPhilatelist (St. Louis, Mo.: E. F. Gambs, 1876–1882), MichiganPhilatelist (Detroit: Union Stamp Company, 1877–1879), PennsylvaniaPhilatelist, (Reading, Pa.: C. W. Kissinger, 1891–1898),Eastern Philatelist (Fitchburg, Mass.: Eastern Philatelic Publishing,1887–1899), Western Philatelist: A Monthly Journal forStamp Collectors (Chicago: Western Philatelic Publishing Company,1887–1888) Lone Star State Philatelist (Abilene, Tex.:Bradley,1894–1899). American Journal of Philately, SecondSeries (New York: Scott and Company, 1888–1906), Mekeel’sWeekly Stamp News (Portland, Maine: Severn- Wylie- Jewett Co,1891–1996). Mekeel’s is still an active publication, but with adifferent publisher.13. Harry Franklin Kantner, “The Philatelic Writer,” ThePennsylvania Philatelist, Vol. 2, no.1 (June 1892): 3. H. FranklinKantner, “The Philatelic Publisher’s Soliloquy,” The PennsylvaniaPhilatelist, Vol. 2, no. 1 (June 1892): 3. H. Franklin Kantner,“Philatelic Journalism,” The Pennsylvania Philatelist, Vol. 3, no.3 (February 1893): 49–52. His use of “young men” indicatesthat a majority of the publications were headed by men in thelate nineteenth century. Few female writers appeared in the jour-
n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 1nals I reviewed, but some like Eva Earl mentioned earlier in thepaper encouraged women to collect and participate in philatelicsocieties.14. Kantner, “Philatelic Journalism,” 52. For a discussion ofnineteenth- century cultural hierarchies see: Lawrence W. Levine,Highbrow/Lowbrow : The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy inAmerica (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988).15. “Postage Stamps at the World’s Fair,” American Journalof Philately Vol. 6, (July 31, 1893): 373–374. “Editorial Comment,”American Philatelist, Vol. 7, no. 5 (May 10, 1893): 73.16. United States Post Office Department, Annual Reportfor 1892, 77. A. D. Hazen, Third Assistant Postmaster Generalunder Wanamaker echoed those sentiments, 110–111. MarshallCushing, The Story of Our Post Office, Boston: A. M. Thayer,1893.17. “Costly Bits of Paper: Extraordinary Prices Paid for PostageStamps,” New York Times, February 5, 1893: 20. E. S. Martin,“This Busy World,” Harper’s Weekly (April 14, 1894): 346.18. “The New Stamps Ridiculed,” New York Times, January22, 1893, 1. Senator Wolcott’s interest may have influencedhis appointment in the 54th Congress to the Committee on PostOffice and Post Roads. In one speech, Wolcott referred to a physician’sletter suggesting that any unused stamps might have asecond life as “chest protectors” due to their unusually largesize. “Good as Chest Protectors,” New York Times, January23, 1893, 4. This stamp series featured rectangular and longerstamps than previous issues that mostly featured portraits onnearly- square- shaped stamps. The engravings from which thecommemoratives were printed from historical painting depictingscenes of Columbus landing in the “new world,” his sailing fleet,Columbus in Europe presenting “natives” to the Spanish, andother scenes relating to his life and conquests.19. Letter from John Wanamaker to Honorable PhiletusSawyer, (February 13, 1893) “Of Interest to Postmasters inRelation to Columbian Postage Stamps—Answer to the SenateResolution,” reprinted in American Journal of Philately, SecondSeries, Vol. 6 (March 31, 1893): 189–193. United States Post OfficeDepartment, Annual Report of the Postmaster- General of theUnited States for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1892. (Washington,D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1893), XXX, 473.20. United States Post Office Department, Annual Report ofthe Postmaster- General of the United States for the Fiscal YearEnding June 30, 1901 (Washington, D. C.: Government PrintingOffice, 1901), United States Post Office Department, AnnualReport of the Postmaster- General of the United States for theFiscal Year Ending June 30, 1904 (Washington, D.C.: GovernmentPrinting Office, 1904), Kenneth A. Wood, Post Dates: AChronology of Intriguing Events in the Mails and Philately (Albany,Or.: Van Dahl Publications, 1985).21. American Journal of Philately, Vol. 9 (January 1898):opening page; and other AJP related to the protest included:“Omaha Exposition Stamps—Protest of San Francisco Collectors”(March 1898): 132; “Omaha Stamps at the S. S. S. S.”(May 1898): 209; reprinted memo from John A. Merritt, ThirdAssistant Postmaster General (September 1898): 374–375. “ThisBusy World,” Harper’s Weekly (January 22, 1898): 79. The VirginianPhilatelist, Vol. 1, no. 7 (March 1898): 127.BibliographyAmerican Philatelic Association. Catalogue of the AmericanPhilatelic Association’s Loan Exhibit of Postage Stamps tothe United States Post Office Department at the World’sColumbian Exposition Chicago, 1893, pp. 3, 10. Birmingham,Conn.: D. H. Bacon & Company, Printers, 1893.Ames, Kenneth, and K. Martinez, ed. Material Culture ofGender/ Gender of Material Cutlure. Ann Arbor, Mich: Universityof Michigan Press, 1992.Annual Report of the Postmaster General of the United Statesfor the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1892. Washington,D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1892.Annual Report of the Postmaster General of the United Statesfor the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1901. Washington,D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1901.Annual Report of the Postmaster General of the United Statesfor the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1904. Washington,D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1904.Bacon, Edward Denny. Catalogue of the Crawford Library ofPhilatelic Literature at the British Library. Rev. ed. Fishkill,N. Y.: Printer’s Stone, 1991.Belk, Russell W. Collecting in a Consumer Society. The CollectingCulture Series. New York: Routledge, 1995.Branch, Mary L. B. “The Little Stamp Collector.” St. Nicholas:an Illustrated Magazine for Young Folks, (August 1885):12Bryant, John. “Stamp and Coin Collecting.” In Handbook ofAmerican Popular Culture. Volume 3, ed. M. Thomas Inge.Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981.“Costly Bits of Paper: Extraordinary Prices Paid for PostageStamps.” New York Times, 5 February 1893, 20.Cushing, Marshall. The Story of Our Post Office. Boston: A. M.Thayer, 1893.Dilworth, Leah, ed. Acts of Possession: Collecting in America.New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 2003.Diner, Steven J. A Very Different Age: Americans of the ProgressiveEra. New York: Hill and Wang, 1998.“Editorial Comment.” American Philatelist, 7(5):73.Garvey, Ellen Gruber. “Dreaming in Commerce: AdvertisingTrade Card Scrapbooks.” In Acts of Possession: Collectingin America, ed. Leah Dillworth. New Brunswick, N. J.: RutgersUniversity Press, 2003.Gelber, Steven M. “Free Market Metaphor: The Historical Dynamicsof Stamp Collecting.” Comparative Studies in Societyand History, 34(4):742–769.———. Hobbies: Leisure and the Culture of Work in America.New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.Gibbons, Herbert Adams. John Wanamaker. Port Washington,N. Y.: Kennikat Press, 1971.
Page 1 and 2: Smithsonian InstitutionScholarly Pr
Page 3 and 4: smithsonian contributions to histor
Page 5: ContentsLETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR OF
Page 9: AcknowledgmentsThe symposium would
Page 12 and 13: 2 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t
Page 20 and 21: 1 0 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n
Page 25 and 26: “Little Colored Bits of Paper”C
Page 27 and 28: n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 7as something
Page 29: n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 9protest came
Page 33 and 34: WWI Philatelic Censuses of East Afr
Page 35 and 36: n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 5Table 1. GEA
Page 37 and 38: n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 7Figure 5. MA
Page 39 and 40: Explorations in the Official Regist
Page 41 and 42: n u m b e r 5 5 • 3 1receipts. De
Page 43 and 44: n u m b e r 5 5 • 3 3TABLE 2. Pop
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Page 47: Introduction to the Second Symposiu
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Picking Up the Pieces: The Aftermat
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 7 3and U.S. adm
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 7 5September, 1
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 7 7Figure 9. Th
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 7 9“B.C.O.F.
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8 2 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n
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Introduction to the Fourth Symposiu
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“Why Is a Raven Like a Writing De
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 2 3and prepai
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 2 5Figure 3.
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 2 7Figure 5.
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 2 9A Final No
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America’s First Carrier Service:T
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 3 3Figure 3.
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 3 5The glazed
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 3 7Intercity
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 3 9The End of
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The U.S. 1847 Issue:Stamps That Cha
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 4 3the positi
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 4 5stamps as
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From the Pulpit to the Post: Anti-
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 4 9The allege
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 5 1Individual
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 5 337. Archiv
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