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1 6 4 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o h i s t o ry a n d t e c h n o l o g y30. Hale’s notice reprinted in Gutman, p. 25.31. Bowman, p. 34.32. Spooner, p 52.33. “Barnabas Bates, Esq. The Advocate of Cheap postage,”New York Atlas April 18, 1847, reprinted in The American Philatelist60 (May1947) 626, 628.34. Smithsonian National Postal Museum collection (Accession0.293996.4).35. The American Philatelist 60 (June 1947) 728.36. Robert A. Siegel Auction Galleries, The David L. JarrettCollection of Propaganda Covers, Sale 970, March 25, 2009,lot 14.37. David L. Jarrett, “U.S. Propaganda Covers,” TheChronicle of the U.S. Classic Postal Issues, 60 (November 2008)308–312; and Siegel Sale 970, lot 10.38. Johsua Leavitt, The Moral and Social Benefits of CheapPostage. New York: Wood, 1849.39. Leavitt, p. 8.40. Leavitt, p. 10.41. See David M. Henkin, The Postal Age: The Emergenceof Modern Communications in Nineteenth- Century America,(Chicago: University of Chicago, 2006).BIBLIOGRAPHYAn Address of the Directors of the New York Cheap PostageAssociation, to the People of the United States: Togetherwith the Names of the officers, Members, and Donors, andthe Report of the Treasurer. Pamphlet. New York: Wm. C.Bryant & Co., 1850.Alexander, Clifford J. “Household Mail Boxes Revolutionize theLetter Carrier Service.” Paper presented at the 4th AnnualPostal History Symposium, Bellefonte, Pa.: 30 October–1 November, 2009.Bates, Barnabas. “Post Office Reform—Cheap Postage.” HuntsMerchants Magazine, 2(March 1840):253–258.Bowman, John D., and Gordon Stimmell. “American LetterMail Company–Part III: Lysander Spooner, Proprietor.” ThePenny Post, July 2007:30–34.The David L. Jarrett Collection of Propaganda Covers. Sale 970,New York: Robert A Siegel Auction Galleries, 2009.Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. 11. New York: Scribner’s,1933.Fowler, Dorothy Ganfield. Unmailable: Congress and the PostOffice. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia, 1977.Fuller, Wayne E. Morality and the Mail in Nineteenth- CenturyAmerica. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2003.Gutman, Micheal S. Hale & Co., Independent Mail Company,1843–1845. Self- published, 2005.Hale, James W. “History of Cheap Postage.” Mekeel’s WeeklyStamp News, 35(5 March 1921):148–149.Hecht, Arthur. “Index to Niles’ Registers.” The American Philatelist,78(November 1964):105–110, 160.Henkin, David. M. The Postal Age: The Emergence of ModernCommunications in Nineteenth- Century America. Chicago:University of Chicago, 2006.Jarrett, David L. “U.S. Propaganda Covers.” The Chronicle of theU.S. Classic Postal Issues, 60(November 2008):308–322.John, Richard R. Spreading the News: The American Postal Systemfrom Franklin to Morse. Cambridge, Mass.: HarvardUniversity Press, 1995.Leavitt, Joshua. The Moral and Social Benefits of Cheap Postage.New York: Wood, 1849.MacBride, Van Dyk. “Barnabas Bates: The Rowland Hill ofAmerica.” The American Philatelist, 60(May 1947):626–640 and 60(June 1947):724–735.Olds, Kelly B. “The Challenge of the U.S. Postal Monopoly,1839–1851.” Cato Journal, 15(1995):1–24.Philips, David G., ed. American Stampless Cover Catalog: TheStandard Reference Catalog of American Postal History.North Miami, Fla.: D. G. Phillips Pub. Co., 1985.“The Postage.” Boston Morning Chronicle. 16 December 1844. 2.“Report of George Plitt, Special Agent of the Post Office Department.”In Report of the Postmaster General, December 5,1840. 26th Congress, 2nd Session, House Document 2. SerialSet 382.Reynolds, David S. Waking Giant: America in the Age of Jackson.New York: Harper Collins, 2008.Robinson, Howard. “The British Postal Reforms of 1840 andthe American Postal System.” American Philatelic Congress,Vol. 12. Boston, Mass.: 1946.Shively, Charles. “Biography and Introduction.” In The CollectedWorks of Lysander Spooner. Weston, Mass.: M & SPress, 1971.Tyler, Alice Felt. Freedom’s Ferment: Phases of American SocialHistory to 1860. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota,1944.Spooner, Lysander. The Unconstitutionality of the Laws of CongressProhibiting Private Mails. Pamphlet. New York: Tribune,1844.———. Who Caused the Reduction of Postage? Ought He bePaid? Boston: Wright & Hasty’s Press, 1850.U.S. Congress. Senate. Resolutions Submitted by Mr. Webster,relative to a reduction of the postage on Letters. Document547. 26th Congress, 1st Session. Serial Set 360.
About the ContributorsSheila A. Brennan (sbrennan@gmu.edu) recently earned her Ph.D. in historyfrom George Mason University and wrote her dissertation on the history ofstamp collecting in the United States from 1880s–1930s. She is the assistantdirector of the public project division at the Center for History and New Media.Prior to coming to the center in 2005, she worked as the director of educationand public programs at the U.S. Navy Museum for seven years.Harry K. Charles (Harry.Charles@jhuapl.edu) holds B.S. and Ph.D. degrees inelectrical engineering from Drexel University and The Johns Hopkins University,respectively. He is an expert in microelectronics and electronic packaging andis the chief engineer of the Eisenhower Research Center at the Johns HopkinsUniversity Applied Physics Laboratory. Dr. Charles is a fellow of the IEEE anda 25-year member of the American Philatelic Society. His stamp collecting interestsinclude: U.S. Postage Due stamps, essays, and proofs; U.S. Postal Savingsand War Savings stamps; and foreign America.Robert Cullen (bobc@aashto.org) is the information resource manager for theAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Washington,D. C. Cullen received his B.A. in history from Saint Francis University inLoretto, Pennsylvania. He resides in Baltimore, Maryland, with his wife Maryand their sons Francis and Luke.Diane DeBlois, M.A. education, and Robert Dalton Harris, Ph.D. theoreticalphysics (agatherin@yahoo.com) are independent scholars and editors and have,for more than three decades, made communications history their vocation andpassion. They work together as antiquarians (aGatherin’ Historical Paper) andeditors (Postal History Journal).John Kevin Doyle (kdoyle@ben.edu) is a professor of Business Administrationat Benedictine University. He is the editor of VORLÄUFER, journal of the GermanColonies Collectors Group, and president of the American Philatelic Congress.This article is drawn from his presentation at the 2007 Postal HistorySymposium.
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Smithsonian InstitutionScholarly Pr
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smithsonian contributions to histor
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ContentsLETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR OF
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AcknowledgmentsThe symposium would
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2 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 7as something
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 5Table 1. GEA
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 7Figure 5. MA
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Explorations in the Official Regist
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Introduction to the Second Symposiu
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Introduction to the Fourth Symposiu
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