The Winton M. Blount Postal History Symposia - Smithsonian ...

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1 0 6 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o h i s t o ry a n d t e c h n o l o g yof the transportation of the mails on the Sabbath, or theFirst Day of the Week: Made January 20, 1829; WilliamWooddy, Baltimore: Report of the Committee of the Senateof the United States, With which the Senate concurred,January 20, 1829. American political bandanas had beenintroduced during Andrew Jackson’s 1824 campaign, andversions of Johnson’s reports printed on muslin appearedduring the 1832 campaign. 4Johnson had defended the transportation and distributionof mail on Sunday as chairman of the Senate Committeeon Post Office and Post Roads in 1829 and then aschairman of the House Committee on the Post Office andPost Roads in 1830. For his political campaigning thesereports were also reprinted on paper, 5 even in a handypocket- size 1834 edition to reach a broader readership. 6The two reports were also reprinted as part of an 1833campaign biography. 7Ely Moore, the ‘friend of labor,’ 8 publicly endorsedJohnson in 1833, claiming that, in protecting the mailsfrom being stopped on Sundays, “He has proved himselfthe friend of pure religion, by guarding it against a contaminatingalliance with politics.” He predicted that theJohnson reports would continue to be read and admired,“when the edicts of kings and emperors, and the creeds ofcouncils, shall have been swept from the memory of man.” 9Clearly, a great deal of political capital was investedin Sunday Mails. But what did this controversy have to dowith the postal reform of 1845?Johnson had two strong arguments FOR SundayMails: the separation of church and state; and expediency.To religionists he said, in effect, you do not want the federalgovernment telling you when or how to observe theSabbath. 10 Look to the state governments for any protectionof religious observance (where also resides, althoughhe did not say, the power of incorporation for transportationcontractors).For Johnson, transporting the mails, “should be regardedsimply as a question of expediency,” and governmentshould leave decisions over the post office to, “thelegal discretions of the postmaster general.” Underlyingthis argument was a postal understanding that mail transportationwas a matter of design optimized by fixed schedulesand smooth flow.Mails on Stage Coachesand Postal ReformThe structure of the postal network that Johnson’sreports protected owed much to Abraham Bradley’s longtenure as first assistant postmaster general (1793–1829)but was formalized under his replacement, Selah R. Hobbie(1829–1851, 1853, 1854).The four- horse post coach—big enough for passengersand mail and newspapers—had been the vehicle ofchoice for mail on the major post routes (Figure 1). TheFigure 1. A ‘Troy’ stage coach, illustration from a version of Johnson’s 1830 report printed on silk byWilliam Wooddy of Baltimore, presumably for the 1835 Democratic Convention. From the collection of theauthors.
n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 0 7advent of railroads signaled changes in the design of thesystem (Figure 2) which were reflected in portions of theReform Law of March 3, 1845 that are often overlooked.The introduction of the Star Route system of contract lettings,11 and the statutory provision for railroads as mail’sultimate vehicle, were part of postal reform.Section 18: And be it further enacted, That it shallbe the duty of the Postmaster General in all futurelettings of contracts for the transportation of themail, to let the same, in every case, to the lowestbidder, tendering sufficient guaranties for faithfulperformance, without other reference to the modeof such transportation than may be necessary toprovide for the due celerity, certainty, and securityof such transportation; nor shall any new contractorhereafter be required to purchase out, or takeat a valuation, the stock of vehicles of any previouscontractor for the same route.This relieved the post office from securing the capitalizationof private stage contractors and freed up thepossibility of dropping stage coach contracts where theyweren’t needed.Section 19: And be it further enacted, That to insure,as far as may be practicable, an equal andjust rate of compensation, according to the serviceperformed, among the several railroad companiesin the United States, for the transportation of themail, it shall be the duty of the Postmaster Generalto arrange and divide the railroad routes, includingthose in which the service is partly by railroadand partly by steamboats, into three classes accordingto the size of the mails, the speed withwhich they are conveyed, and the importance ofthe service; and it shall be lawful for him to contractfor conveying the mail with any such railroadcompany, either with or without advertisingfor such contract.On a stage coach, mail was equated with baggage; ona railway train or steamboat it became freight. Mail travelingas freight increased the margin between price and cost,which permitted reduction of postage rates.In 1845, the postmaster general pointed out that thestar route contract provisions had already saved the department$250,000. “The most expensive as well as theFigure 2. Tabulation by mode of scheduled transportation facilities used by the Post Office 1837 to 1844. Comparison of mail transportationby miles and cost for horse, coach and railroad/steamboat, prepared by Selah R. Hobbie, First Assistant Postmaster General,from the 1844 annual report. From the collection of the authors.
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Smithsonian InstitutionScholarly Pr
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smithsonian contributions to histor
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ContentsLETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR OF
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AcknowledgmentsThe symposium would
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2 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t
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1 0 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n
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“Little Colored Bits of Paper”C
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 7as something
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 1 9protest came
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 1nals I revie
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WWI Philatelic Censuses of East Afr
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 5Table 1. GEA
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 2 7Figure 5. MA
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Explorations in the Official Regist
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 3 1receipts. De
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 3 3TABLE 2. Pop
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 3 5different ge
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Introduction to the Second Symposiu
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“Food Will Win the War”: Motor
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 5 1business tha
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n u m b e r 5 5 • 5 3support for
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