RAINFOR GEM Intensive Plots Manual (pdf) - University of Oxford

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will be placed - see §4.2). Because of foot traffic along the subplot edges, place the cores 1-2 m away from thecorner points. At each in-growth core location, remove and retain litter from a small 12 cm diameter area (placecage down and cut around with a machete) then remove a core of soil with a post-hole digger. Place each coreon a plastic sheet (if there are clear soil horizons, split across more than one plastic sheet) and manually removethe roots for a period of 40 min per sample but split the sampling period into 10 min intervals (however dosearch the entire sample during each interval (inc. all horizons)). Whilst processing each sample, try to keepsampling effort constant (each sample should be processed by one person only: differences in sampling effortbetween samples are no problem but differences within samples should be minimised). The purpose ofsampling by hand instead of using sieves is to avoid excessive alteration of soil texture. Sometimes you findfine roots inextricably growing through leaf fragments, in which case remove as much leaf as possible butretain the whole volume for weighing (the additional biomass from the leaves is usually extremely minimal).Splitting the sampling period into intervals allows estimation of the amount of root material remaininguncollected in the soil sample after 40 min. Place the roots collected from each interval into separately-labelledplastic bags (labelled with site, plot, date, sample number and interval), wash each back at camp (using thesieves and a bucket) and place in similarly-labelled paper bags (make up 64 bags/plot, each approximately 12cm × 16 cm so that they can fit in the smaller sample bags), dry at 80 o C until constant mass and weigh (separateinto roots greater and less than 2 mm 43 ) - all as soon as possible (if no oven is immediately available, store in afreezer until they can be dried, but for no longer than a week). Sample dry mass from these first coresrepresents standing crop surface root mass.Installation of in-growth cores by Luiz Aragão and Karina García in Tambopata, Peru (top left) and Rostin Jantan in Sabah, Malaysia(top right).43 2 mm is a standard threshold (see e.g. Cornelissen et al. 2003). In-growth cores do not adequately sample coarse roots because rootslarger than ~5 mm diameter are found very rarely (see §2.3): the point of this is to improve comparability with other fine rootestimates.32
Next, insert the cylindrical core into the hole, and replace the root-free soil in and around the core. Place leaflitter to ambient levels onto the surface of the core to mimic field conditions.Timing: Estimate one person-hour per in-growth core in the absence of rain.An in-growth core (photo W. Huaraca Huasco; core measures 12 cm in diameter by 40 cm long with the soil level 10 cm from the topas shown).In-growth core repeated measurementsEquipment: 6 bin liners, something to sit on, permanent marker pen (+spare) per team, 16 in-growth cores, mapof where to put them (place them to avoid the transects for coarse woody debris surveys), weather writer,labelled sample bags (plastic sandwich bags (80 per ha; 10 cm × 20 cm or larger) labelled “IC 1 (1)”, “IC 1(2)”, “IC 1 (3)”, “IC 1 (4)”, “IC 2 (1)”, “IC 2 (2)”, ..., “IC 16 (4)” grouped up into sets of 4 in larger samplebags labelled with the plot name, the date and “IC 1”, “IC 2”, “IC 3”, ..., “IC 16”), post-hole digger (+spare) foreach team, tape measure, soil moisture and temperature sensors, stopwatch for each team, scissors for cuttingsmall roots, weighing balance (0.01 g resolution), duct tape, 8 fine (normal kitchen) plastic sieves for washingfine roots, paper bags (e.g. 0.5 kg of old newspapers per ha).After an interval of approximately 3 months (Metcalfe et al. 2008b), revisit each in-growth core. Beforeremoving each core, take the CO 2 efflux measurement of the soil above the in-growth core with litter and thenwithout litter (after removing the litter, wait a minimum of 5 min to stabilise before measuring the CO 2 effluxand only then remove the core). Record soil moisture and temperature inside all of the cores (without litter),extract the cores, and manually collect roots from the soil following the same procedure described above toestimate root mass production over the 3 month interval. Note the root dry mass collected from each time stepin a datasheet. Important: record the exact dates of installation and collection of each ingrowth core each time.33
Page 1: Measuring Tropical ForestCarbon All
Page 5 and 6: ContentsTHE RAINFOR-GEM INTENSIVE C
Page 7 and 8: The RAINFOR-GEM Intensive Carbon Mo
Page 9 and 10: What are the RAINFOR-GEM protocols?
Page 11 and 12: Where can I get data from existing
Page 13 and 14: Two RAINFOR-GEM hectare plots in th
Page 15 and 16: 1.2 Setting out the plotSubplot cor
Page 17 and 18: An example surveying path (cf. Cond
Page 19 and 20: Required for jobs that can be sched
Page 21 and 22: Tree #487 in Fragment E plot where
Page 23 and 24: 1.4 Tagging small trees*** Note tha
Page 25 and 26: does, measure underneath the lean o
Page 27 and 28: Measuring a liana at three points i
Page 29 and 30: BOX 2: Five unusual trees.Example 1
Page 31 and 32: Example 3: Here is a large liana on
Page 33 and 34: 1.5 Tree heightTree height should b
Page 35 and 36: 1.6 Sketch map of the plotAt this p
Page 37: 2. BELOW GROUND MEASUREMENTSWe star
Page 41 and 42: BOX 3: How to make an in-growth cor
Page 43 and 44: 2.2 RhizotronsRoot observation pits
Page 45 and 46: sure that it covers the hole but no
Page 47 and 48: An example rhizotron transparency f
Page 49 and 50: Analysis: First, calculate the sum
Page 51 and 52: A metallic rhizotron as in use at t
Page 53 and 54: 2.3 Coarse rootsNeither in-growth c
Page 55 and 56: 3. CO 2 EFFLUX3.1 Total soil CO 2 e
Page 57 and 58: 3.2 Stem CO 2 effluxFirst, choose t
Page 59 and 60: e related to stem growth) to check
Page 61 and 62: Equipment: IRGA and SRC-1, PVC coll
Page 63 and 64: Control No litter Double litterNo e
Page 65 and 66: the S3 hole. Finally, discard the l
Page 67 and 68: 3.4 Coarse woody debris (CWD) CO 2
Page 69 and 70: 4.2 Coarse woody debris (CWD) surve
Page 71 and 72: all of the large, marked wood piece
Page 73 and 74: Equipment: 25 litter traps per ha (
Page 75 and 76: this select the straight line drawi
Page 77 and 78: http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/ec
Page 79 and 80: • The tripod is level so that the
Page 81 and 82: 8. WEATHER AND CLIMATELocal climate
Page 83 and 84: Luiz Aragão repairing an understor
Page 85 and 86: 10. DATA ENTRY AND SERVER UPLOADA c
Page 87 and 88: APPENDIX I: RAINFOR-GEM Fieldwork c
Page 89 and 90:
APPENDIX II: How to use an EGM-4 In
Page 91 and 92:
• Remember to change the switch i
Page 93 and 94:
CO 2 efflux calculationsWhile the E
Page 95 and 96:
The volume V airspace (stippled) be
Page 97 and 98:
CO 2 flux measurements with EGM: A
Page 99 and 100:
Downloading dataEGM memory can stor
Page 101 and 102:
APPENDIX III: Possible schedule of
Page 103 and 104:
Gerwing JJ, Schnitzer SA, Burnham R
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