RAINFOR GEM Intensive Plots Manual (pdf) - University of Oxford

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deep (as close as possible to the depth that brings the top edge of the perspex exactly in line with the surface ofthe organic/litter layer). If installing a rhizotron on a slope 46 , the hole should be dug downhill from theexclusion area (and the downhill wall may be reduced or nonexistent; this will ensure that gravity keeps the soilpressed against the rhizotron screen). The rhizotron will be placed against the ~30 cm wall of the hole abuttingthe disturbance-free area so this wall should be as close to vertical as possible. Importantly, do not pull rootsout of the walls: cut with either a knife or scissors as close as possible to the boundary. Soil from the holeshould not be discarded but piled onto two separate plastic sheets: one for the organic layer (surface soil) andone for mineral soil (deeper soil, with the division judged approximately by soil colour; a couple of spadefuls ofsoil for each will be sufficient and the rest may be discarded well away from the rhizotron area).Rhizotrons in use at Lopé, Gabon (left) and Sabah, Malaysia (right).Next, remove and discard all large roots from the two soil piles (spend ~5 mins on each pile; only large rootsneed be removed because fine roots will decompose before first measurement). Then, cut one side of the hole tomake it as flat as possible, using a flat-edged spade. Insert the rhizotron vertically against the ~30 cm wall(check with the spirit level; if necessary, remove the perspex protective cover with a craft knife) and secureboth behind and to the sides with 6 long nails (if using a metallic, MFC rhizotron, Box 4) or by hammering therhizotron along the side of the screen and into the soil (if using a steel rhizotron, Box 4). Make sure that thetop edge of the screen is level with the soil surface. From the soil piles, back-fill behind the rhizotron screenwith mineral soil, carefully compacting the soil down with a rod/stick so that the density of the soil isapproximately the same as the soil of the walls of the hole at the same level (test the sides of the hole with yourfingers to estimate the density). Following the visible horizons of the sides of the hole, back-fill with mineralsoil and then organic soil, finally moving some litter from nearby to cover (inc. the screen). Next, place theinsulating sponge against the rhizotron screen and prop it up with a stick (this minimises temperature variationand light and water entry). Finally, move the metallic grid and the rhizotron roof to cover the hole 47 , making46 A slight slope is advantageous as it ensures the soil keeps good contact with the rhizotron screen.47 There have been some issues in Tanguro, Brazil, with tapirs removing the covers and entering the rhizotron pits38
sure that it covers the hole but none of the exclusion area, i.e. the top edge of the roof should be directly abovethe rhizotron screen and not beyond it. Move the rhizotron cover so that it does not divert water onto the screen.Rhizotron repeated measurements 48Equipment: A4 transparencies, permanent fine marker pens 49 (black, blue, red, green), soil temperature andmoisture sensors48 The Roots manual at http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/projects/rainfor/manuals/Roots_english%5B1%5D.pdf specifies in §3.1.5.2 toperiodically de-install the entire rhizotron and slice off a layer of soil from behind the rhizotron screen before reinstalling therhizotron. This has proved difficult in practice and is currently not recommended.39
Page 1: Measuring Tropical ForestCarbon All
Page 5 and 6: ContentsTHE RAINFOR-GEM INTENSIVE C
Page 7 and 8: The RAINFOR-GEM Intensive Carbon Mo
Page 9 and 10: What are the RAINFOR-GEM protocols?
Page 11 and 12: Where can I get data from existing
Page 13 and 14: Two RAINFOR-GEM hectare plots in th
Page 15 and 16: 1.2 Setting out the plotSubplot cor
Page 17 and 18: An example surveying path (cf. Cond
Page 19 and 20: Required for jobs that can be sched
Page 21 and 22: Tree #487 in Fragment E plot where
Page 23 and 24: 1.4 Tagging small trees*** Note tha
Page 25 and 26: does, measure underneath the lean o
Page 27 and 28: Measuring a liana at three points i
Page 29 and 30: BOX 2: Five unusual trees.Example 1
Page 31 and 32: Example 3: Here is a large liana on
Page 33 and 34: 1.5 Tree heightTree height should b
Page 35 and 36: 1.6 Sketch map of the plotAt this p
Page 37 and 38: 2. BELOW GROUND MEASUREMENTSWe star
Page 39 and 40: Next, insert the cylindrical core i
Page 41 and 42: BOX 3: How to make an in-growth cor
Page 43: 2.2 RhizotronsRoot observation pits
Page 47 and 48: An example rhizotron transparency f
Page 49 and 50: Analysis: First, calculate the sum
Page 51 and 52: A metallic rhizotron as in use at t
Page 53 and 54: 2.3 Coarse rootsNeither in-growth c
Page 55 and 56: 3. CO 2 EFFLUX3.1 Total soil CO 2 e
Page 57 and 58: 3.2 Stem CO 2 effluxFirst, choose t
Page 59 and 60: e related to stem growth) to check
Page 61 and 62: Equipment: IRGA and SRC-1, PVC coll
Page 63 and 64: Control No litter Double litterNo e
Page 65 and 66: the S3 hole. Finally, discard the l
Page 67 and 68: 3.4 Coarse woody debris (CWD) CO 2
Page 69 and 70: 4.2 Coarse woody debris (CWD) surve
Page 71 and 72: all of the large, marked wood piece
Page 73 and 74: Equipment: 25 litter traps per ha (
Page 75 and 76: this select the straight line drawi
Page 77 and 78: http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/ec
Page 79 and 80: • The tripod is level so that the
Page 81 and 82: 8. WEATHER AND CLIMATELocal climate
Page 83 and 84: Luiz Aragão repairing an understor
Page 85 and 86: 10. DATA ENTRY AND SERVER UPLOADA c
Page 87 and 88: APPENDIX I: RAINFOR-GEM Fieldwork c
Page 89 and 90: APPENDIX II: How to use an EGM-4 In
Page 91 and 92: • Remember to change the switch i
Page 93 and 94: CO 2 efflux calculationsWhile the E
Page 95 and 96:
The volume V airspace (stippled) be
Page 97 and 98:
CO 2 flux measurements with EGM: A
Page 99 and 100:
Downloading dataEGM memory can stor
Page 101 and 102:
APPENDIX III: Possible schedule of
Page 103 and 104:
Gerwing JJ, Schnitzer SA, Burnham R
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