RAINFOR GEM Intensive Plots Manual (pdf) - University of Oxford

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The RAINFOR network was set up in tropical South America in 2000-02 as described in Malhi et al.(2002) and Phillips et al. (2004), although it includes many plots that were being censused since the 1980s.RAINFOR is a joint effort between Oliver Phillips’s group at Leeds, U.K. (the Ecology and Global ChangeResearch Cluster http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/research/eco.html), Yadvinder Malhi’s group at Oxford, U.K.(the Ecosystems Lab of the Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment,University of Oxford, U.K., http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/ecodynamics/) and a kaleidoscope of partnerinstitutions in countries across all three main tropical zones (seehttp://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/projects/rainfor/pages/partners_eng.html for a complete list).A similar plot network was initiated in tropical Africa called the African Tropical RainforestObservation Network (AfriTRON, Lewis et al. 2009, http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/projects/afritron/) and thereare now many sites there following the same protocols. RAINFOR protocols have been applied to a number ofplots in tropical Asia and Australia since 2002 and, finally, the Tropical Biomes in Transition project (TROBIT,http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/groups/trobit/) initiated several forest/savanna ecotone plots on three continentsthat have now been incoporated into these monitoring networks.The first RAINFOR-GEM intensive plots in Southeast Asia were installed in 2011 and, additionally,there are now temperate sites in the UK and Chile as well. For all the latest news, see the Global EcosystemMonitoring (GEM) Network webpage at http://gem.tropicalforests.ox.ac.uk/ and the latest RAINFOR-AMAZONICA newsletter at http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/projects/rainfor/news/newsletters.html.2
What are the RAINFOR-GEM protocols?The RAINFOR-GEM protocols for carbon monitoring of forest ecosystems - including this manual - are allavailable in several languages online, freely downloadable from http://gem.tropicalforests.ox.ac.uk andhttp://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/projects/rainfor/pages/manuals_eng.html:This manual is referred to hereas Phillips et al. (2009)This manual is referred to hereas Chave (2005)The Spanish version of this isHonorio Coronado & Baker (2010)This is Metcalfe et al. (2009)The carbon balance approach to ecosystems dates back to the late 1960s (see e.g. Odum 1968, Lieth 1975,Whittaker & Marks 1975, Thornley 1976:ch.6, Kira 1978) but it really ‘came of age’ with the papers of Clark etal. (2001a, b) and Chambers et al. (2001, 2004). Forest monitoring programmes following this approach areongoing now in a huge range of ecosystems worldwide (Malhi et al. 2009, Honorio Coronado & Baker 2010and see Landsberg & Sands 2011:ch.5 for a general review) and are ‘Tier 3’ methods, meaning an approachconforming to the highest available standards for transparency, completeness, consistency, comparability andaccuracy (GOFC-GOLD 2010). These protocols involve quantifying primary productivity, autotrophic andheterotrophic respiration component by component at all sites, with the emphasis on simplicity and robustness,enabling these measurements to be carried out by local field technicians over full annual cycles.In addition to the RAINFOR-GEM protocols (Phillips et al. 2009, Metcalfe et al. 2009, HonorioCoronado & Baker 2010 and the other manuals above), there are various alternative protocols that are followedfor carbon monitoring in tropical ecosystems including the SIGEO-CTFS protocols (Condit 1998, Muller-Landau 2008) and the methods followed by Winrock International (Pearson et al. 2005a, b, Walker et al.2012), the Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn (ASB) Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins (Hairiah etal. 2001, 2011), Hoover (2008), Ravindranath & Ostwald (2008), the Global Terrestrial Observing System(GTOS) Programme (Law et al. 2008) and the Tropical Ecology, Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM)Network (TEAM 2010, 2011). There is also some overlap with the protocols for plant trait measurementrecommended by TRY (Cornelissen et al. 2003). The RAINFOR-GEM protocols presented here below differfrom these alternatives in some essential respects, but bear much in common because they have beenformulated in response to similar needs in the conservation and research communities.3
Page 1: Measuring Tropical ForestCarbon All
Page 5 and 6: ContentsTHE RAINFOR-GEM INTENSIVE C
Page 7: The RAINFOR-GEM Intensive Carbon Mo
Page 11 and 12: Where can I get data from existing
Page 13 and 14: Two RAINFOR-GEM hectare plots in th
Page 15 and 16: 1.2 Setting out the plotSubplot cor
Page 17 and 18: An example surveying path (cf. Cond
Page 19 and 20: Required for jobs that can be sched
Page 21 and 22: Tree #487 in Fragment E plot where
Page 23 and 24: 1.4 Tagging small trees*** Note tha
Page 25 and 26: does, measure underneath the lean o
Page 27 and 28: Measuring a liana at three points i
Page 29 and 30: BOX 2: Five unusual trees.Example 1
Page 31 and 32: Example 3: Here is a large liana on
Page 33 and 34: 1.5 Tree heightTree height should b
Page 35 and 36: 1.6 Sketch map of the plotAt this p
Page 37 and 38: 2. BELOW GROUND MEASUREMENTSWe star
Page 39 and 40: Next, insert the cylindrical core i
Page 41 and 42: BOX 3: How to make an in-growth cor
Page 43 and 44: 2.2 RhizotronsRoot observation pits
Page 45 and 46: sure that it covers the hole but no
Page 47 and 48: An example rhizotron transparency f
Page 49 and 50: Analysis: First, calculate the sum
Page 51 and 52: A metallic rhizotron as in use at t
Page 53 and 54: 2.3 Coarse rootsNeither in-growth c
Page 55 and 56: 3. CO 2 EFFLUX3.1 Total soil CO 2 e
Page 57 and 58: 3.2 Stem CO 2 effluxFirst, choose t
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e related to stem growth) to check
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Equipment: IRGA and SRC-1, PVC coll
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Control No litter Double litterNo e
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the S3 hole. Finally, discard the l
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3.4 Coarse woody debris (CWD) CO 2
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4.2 Coarse woody debris (CWD) surve
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all of the large, marked wood piece
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Equipment: 25 litter traps per ha (
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this select the straight line drawi
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http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/ec
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• The tripod is level so that the
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8. WEATHER AND CLIMATELocal climate
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Luiz Aragão repairing an understor
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10. DATA ENTRY AND SERVER UPLOADA c
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APPENDIX I: RAINFOR-GEM Fieldwork c
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APPENDIX II: How to use an EGM-4 In
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• Remember to change the switch i
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CO 2 efflux calculationsWhile the E
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The volume V airspace (stippled) be
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CO 2 flux measurements with EGM: A
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Downloading dataEGM memory can stor
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APPENDIX III: Possible schedule of
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Gerwing JJ, Schnitzer SA, Burnham R
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RAINFOR GEM Intensive Plots Manual (pdf) - University of Oxford

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