Studies on Policy Option for Quality Seed Production and ... - NFPCSP

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5. KEY FINDINGSThe findings of the present study reveal that farmers all over the study locations use 70-80% of riceseed, 50-60% of the wheat seed from their homegrown grain crops. The major outer suppliers of rice(20-30%) and wheat (40 -50%) seeds to farmers are BADC, DAE, Seed Dealers, NGO etc. Becausemaize cultivation is now almost entirely switched over to hybrid cultivars (mostly of exogenous origin),farmers cannot produce maize seeds from their own rather they fully depend on the supply of maizeseed from seed dealers, seed companies, NGOs, BADC and so on. The key findings of the study arepresented below:5.1 Crop: Rice1) It is a fact that farmers homegrwon seed occupies the major position of the seed supply butfarmers are not happy with using their own seed. During conducting FGD and PRA, many ofthem confessed that their own seed is just okay but inferior to the seeds obtained from theresearch/BADC/DAE in terms of yielding ability. This is because, they do not follow thestandards of seed production package as set by SCA and that their seed deterioration isconsiderably high at stoarge. The analysis of the sample seed obtained from the farmersconfirm a high seed moisture, low germination and vigor, which are considered inferior toplanting.2) Farmers seldom use the recommended fertilizer dose for seed/grain production. They are notmuch concerned about the use of balanced fertilizers and often they use high fertilizer-N butlower or no application of P, K and other micronutrients. They have not even the access to thecommunity awarness programme, training and other motivational programmes.3) More than 80% of the farmers use Katcha floor for grain drying, as they don’t have Puccafloor. The moisture content of rice seed cannot be attained below 12% by using the Katchafloor, because the seed during the drying process absorbs moisture from the soil.4) A majority of the farmers store rice seeds in locally available containers viz. poly bags, plasticdrums, gunny bags, metallic drums, homemade earthen pot, polythene bags etc. But as long asthe container is airtight, properly dried seeds could be stored safely only for 2-3 months, afterwhich further drying and cooling are needed. So up to the next planting time, 2-3 operations ofintermittent drying and cooling are required. But the farmers do no follow this practice rightlyand so the there occurs post harvest loss of seeds by up to 16% in terms of germination, vigorand insect and disease damage. No modern storage devices like USA organic cocoon, Germaxcocoon, IRRI made storage bag, rexin cocoon, thick poly bag and ferro-cement binareintroduced to the famers as safer storage devices.5) A section of the rice farmers are highly convinced with the trust of the seed dealers. But seeddealers are not in a position to supply all the demand of seeds to the farmers and the fomer cansupply the seeds only which they collect and not beyond that. In a small number of cases,failure of seed germination is reported, although there is no insurance system prevailing.6) Rice seed supply to farmers is inadequate and sometimes, a popular variety out of the system isleaked through the border belts and the variety is under cultivation. For instance, the rice104
variety `Swarna’ has leaked through the border and is dominating the areas in Rajshahi, Jessoreand Dinajpur.7) Farmers claim that rice grain/seed production is not profitable under the existing market pricedue to high input prices and low selling price of the rice grains/seeds. The survey data and PRAfindings support their view alongwith the cost computation that the investment in ricecultivation can produce BCR only up to the 1.22-1.34. The seed production by Contract SeedGrowers under the umbrella of BADC can promote the BCR up to 2.12 and hybrid seedproduction progamme can further boost the BCR up to 2.34.5.2 Crop: Wheat1) The major constraints to wheat seed production as identified in the study are high price offertilizers, low market price of farmers’ seed, poor wheat yield (due to late sowing),unavailability of good quality seeds, lack of credit facilities against seed storage, crop damageby rat and lack of technical support.2) A good number of wheat varieties are being cultivated in the farmers’ field but the cultivationof latest varieties like Prodip, Bijoy and Shatabdi is also going quite well. It is astonishing tothat some of the farmers are still cultivating the old variety Sonalika and Kanchan which arepoor yielders and susceptible to various diseases.3) A significant percentage of farmers in particular the small and the medium ones do not applythe macro (P, K & S) and micronutrients (Zn, B etc.) and manure, which are recommended forsuccessful wheat grain/seed production. Moreover, all the farmers apply lower rates of manuresand chemical fertilizers except urea. This imbalanced use of fertilizers causes lower yield ofwheat along with nutrient mining.4) BADC and research seed gave higher yield on average 24% compared to that purchased fromother sources like seed dealers, other farmers and open market.5) The participant farmers prefer drum (metal and plastic) as seed storage container due to its airtightness, durability, less insect attack and ‘seed remain good’ quality and also they use polybags due to low cost, easy availability and air tightness.6) Admixture of wheat seed is the one of the prime characters of farmers’ homegrown seed. It isidentified that most of the farmers generally cultivate wheat for grain and some portion ofwhich they keep as seed. They do not practice isolation distance and rouging. Also, they do nottake any special care during the time of harvesting, threshing and drying, whereby theadmixture occurs usually.7) The farmers in the study areas dry the wheat grain/seed on the ground (katcha floor), which isnot appropriate for reducing the seed moisture content up to the `safe storage’ (12%). A fewernumber of farmers use cemented (pucca) floor and plastic/cloth for seed drying.8) About 60% of the farmers store seeds for own use and some of them store more for sale.Majority of the farmers do not do germination test properly. They detect good seeds only byobserving physical appearance like boldness, shining color and insect presence.105
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Final Report PR #6/08Studie
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSTUDIES ON POLICY
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TABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive SummaryL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTD.)ChapterPa
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LIST OF TABLESName of the TablesPag
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LIST OF TABLES (CONTD.)Name of the
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LIST OF ANNEXESName of the AnnexesP
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STUDIES ON POLICY OPTION FOR QUALIT
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1.2 Expected outputs of the studyi)
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selected upazilas, the team selecte
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2.10 Preparation and pre-tested of
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3. REVIEW OF LITERATUREThe availabi
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different storage containers ranged
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3.1.3 Maize SeedResearch works on m
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governments’ seed suppliers. As a
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Therefore, under the present study
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experience along with available inp
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findings that the farming community
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Table 4.1.5 Linkage of the family m
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different hybrid varieties of rice
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large farmers had used all types of
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4.1.15 Seed classes used by the ric
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BADC10%Others Farmers5%DAE5%Self80%
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Similarly, farmers’ own seed and
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4.1.25 Drying method used by the ri
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But these types of storage containe
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educed through proper processing an
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4.1.34 Production cost and profitab
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Table 4.1.35 Rice seed production c
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4.1.38 Constraints to rice seed pro
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was probably due to absorption of s
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Table 4.2.2 Major occupation of whe
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4.2.5 Sources of technological supp
Page 67 and 68: Table 4.2.5 Services received from
Page 69 and 70: Table 4.2.8 Percent of the farmers
Page 71 and 72: Table 4.2.11 Farmers’ opinion abo
Page 73 and 74: Table 4.2.13 Farmers’ choice prio
Page 75 and 76: 4.2.18 Percent of farmers using fer
Page 77 and 78: 4.2.20 Seed drying place of wheat a
Page 79 and 80: 30Frequency distribution20100Std. D
Page 81 and 82: followed by plastic drum (30 points
Page 83 and 84: Table 4.2.26 Wheat seed preservatio
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.2.27 Men, women and childre
Page 87 and 88: espectively. Farmers used FYM at th
Page 89 and 90: Table 4.2.30 Wheat seed production
Page 91 and 92: the amounts of stored wheat seed fo
Page 93 and 94: 8. Termite attack at seedling Insec
Page 95 and 96: percentages of germination, moistur
Page 97 and 98: 4.3.2 Major occupation of maize far
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.3.4 Time line of maize cult
Page 101 and 102: Legend:RajshahiKishoregonjExperienc
Page 103 and 104: 4.3.9 Major cropping patterns pract
Page 105 and 106: yield and production cost and marke
Page 107 and 108: medium farmers in Rajshahi and 85%
Page 109 and 110: significantly affected the maize pr
Page 111 and 112: Harvesting and post harvest managem
Page 113 and 114: In the present study it is observed
Page 115 and 116: 4.3.25 Maize seed demand and propor
Page 117: 4.4.5 Seed purchase and sale price
Page 121 and 122: 6. POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMEN
Page 123 and 124: Table 6.1 Proposed training program
Page 125 and 126: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAll praises are due
Page 127 and 128: 20. Dadalani, M., M.S. Islam, I. Ah
Page 129 and 130: ANNEXESDinajpur•Birol•Bochagonj
Page 131 and 132: Annex 7. Percent of rice farmers us
Page 133 and 134: Annex 12. Boro rice grain productio
Page 135 and 136: Annex 17. Wheat grain production pa
Page 137 and 138: Annex 21. Socio-economic scenario o
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