Studies on Policy Option for Quality Seed Production and ... - NFPCSP

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2) Determination of seed moisture content: The moisture content of seed samples weredetermined by using low constant oven method following the guidelines of International SeedTesting Association (ISTA). The moisture was measured just after collection of seed from therespective farmers. For each treatment 15 g seed was taken into a crucible and weighed. Thenthe crucible was kept in an electric oven maintained at a temperature of 105±2 0 C for a periodof 48 hours for proper drying of the seed sample. After cooling the weight of dish plus its coverand contents were taken. Then the moisture content of the seed sample was calculated on wetbasis with the help of the following formula (ISTA, 2007).M 2 -M 3Seed moisture content (wet basis) = --------- X 100M 2 -M 1Where,M 1 = Weight of Aluminum disk + CoverM 2 = Weight of Aluminum disk + Cover + Seed before dryingM 3 = Weight of Aluminum disk + Cover + Seed after drying3) Germination test: Seed germination tests for rice and wheat seed samples were carried outafter the collection of seed samples from the farmers to determine the germination percentage.In each case, seeds were sown on moist sand media into a plastic germination tray. Each trayconsisted of 100 seeds and the test was replicated three times according to the guidelines ofISTA (2007). The germination tray was then kept under room condition (25 ±2 0 C) forincubation. The germination percentage was calculated based on normal seedlings obtained andthe total number of seeds set for germination.4) Insect infestation: Insect population refers to the number of insects, which remain in storedseeds. It was counted by observation with the naked eye. Both dead and live insects werecounted.5) Disease infestation: The disease infestation of the seed samples of rice and wheat crops wasdetermined at the Seed Pathology Centre, BAU, Mymensingh. The number of fungus infectedseeds and seedlings were counted for each treatment.2.14 Data processing and analysis: The data, acquired from questionnaire survey, PRA/FGD andquality determination of collected seed samples were analyzed through appropriate computer software.In this regard, Microsoft Excel, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and MSTAT-Ccomputer soft wares were used for data entry and analysis to obtain descriptive statistics like mean,percentage, ANOVA, LSD etc. Multiple Regression and Cobb-Douglas Production Function modelswere also employed to determine input use efficiency and technical efficiency of the seed-growingfarmers, respectively. Economic analyses were assessed to determine the BCR, gross margin, marginalbenefit cost ratio of different seed production enterprises.8
3. REVIEW OF LITERATUREThe availability, access, and use of quality seed of adaptable crop varieties, are critical in increasingagricultural productivity, ensuring food security, and improving farmers livelihoods. Maintaining seedquality is essential if the variety is to meet the expectation of farmers and consumers. Cereal seedsrequire a period of storage prior to planting mainly because of two reasons. Firstly, in most cases thereis a difference of 9-12 months period between the planting time of the first and second crops rightlyjustifying the necessity of storage. Also in many instances, a dry storage period is essential for thefreshly harvested seeds of a number of cereal crops in order to attain physiological maturity inparticular with the Aman rice cultivars, which are photosensitive or weakly photosensitive in nature. Inthis storage period, seed deterioration occurs, often massively in terms viability, germination and vigor.Increase in moisture and incidence of insect and disease attacks are common in stored seeds. This issuehas been studied by scientists at home and abroad with particular reference to the status of quality seedproduction, preservation and utilization of rice, wheat and maize seed.3.1 Seed storage and quality3.1.1 Rice SeedHuda et al. (1984) studied the quali ty of modern varieties of rice seed produced and stored by thefarmers in two Thanas of Mymensingh districts. They observed that the quality of majority farmers`seed was as good as the BADC seed. Sattar and Hossain (1986) also observed similar findings in ausrice.Huda (1993) further evaluated of quality of certified seed and farmers` seed. It was noted that thequality of farmers’ seed was not satisfactory in most of the cases but there were some farmers whoseseed was of high standard.Probert et al. (2007) reported that the quality of seed-conservation, collection, and hence their value forspecies reintroduction or restoration is critically dependent on factors operating in the period betweenthe point of collection and arrival at environmentally controlled processing and storage facilities.However, because seed moisture levels can be considerably higher than when equilibrated with ambientrelative humidity, post-harvest handling decisions should ideally be informed by measurements of seedmoisture at the time of collection, and subsequently seed moisture should be monitored during transit.Macedo et al. (1999) observed that the seeds had good storability in ambient conditions. During thestorage period, there was no difference in the physiological quality of the rice seeds between the multiwallpaper and polyethylene bags. The reduction of the physiological seed quality during the storageperiod began at the 8 th month for one cultivar and at the 10th month for the other.Adhikarinayake et al. (2006) ev aluated the storage system in terms of paddy quality and mass loss.After 6 months storage, mass loss was 0.4% in the airtight storage system, based on a ferro-cement bin9
Page 1 and 2: Final Report PR #6/08Studie
Page 3 and 4: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSTUDIES ON POLICY
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive SummaryL
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTD.)ChapterPa
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLESName of the TablesPag
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES (CONTD.)Name of the
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF ANNEXESName of the AnnexesP
Page 15 and 16: STUDIES ON POLICY OPTION FOR QUALIT
Page 17 and 18: 1.2 Expected outputs of the studyi)
Page 19 and 20: selected upazilas, the team selecte
Page 21: 2.10 Preparation and pre-tested of
Page 25 and 26: different storage containers ranged
Page 27 and 28: 3.1.3 Maize SeedResearch works on m
Page 29 and 30: governments’ seed suppliers. As a
Page 31 and 32: Therefore, under the present study
Page 33 and 34: experience along with available inp
Page 35 and 36: findings that the farming community
Page 37 and 38: Table 4.1.5 Linkage of the family m
Page 39 and 40: different hybrid varieties of rice
Page 41 and 42: large farmers had used all types of
Page 43 and 44: 4.1.15 Seed classes used by the ric
Page 45 and 46: BADC10%Others Farmers5%DAE5%Self80%
Page 47 and 48: Similarly, farmers’ own seed and
Page 49 and 50: 4.1.25 Drying method used by the ri
Page 51 and 52: But these types of storage containe
Page 53 and 54: educed through proper processing an
Page 55 and 56: 4.1.34 Production cost and profitab
Page 57 and 58: Table 4.1.35 Rice seed production c
Page 59 and 60: 4.1.38 Constraints to rice seed pro
Page 61 and 62: was probably due to absorption of s
Page 63 and 64: Table 4.2.2 Major occupation of whe
Page 65 and 66: 4.2.5 Sources of technological supp
Page 67 and 68: Table 4.2.5 Services received from
Page 69 and 70: Table 4.2.8 Percent of the farmers
Page 71 and 72: Table 4.2.11 Farmers’ opinion abo
Page 73 and 74:
Table 4.2.13 Farmers’ choice prio
Page 75 and 76:
4.2.18 Percent of farmers using fer
Page 77 and 78:
4.2.20 Seed drying place of wheat a
Page 79 and 80:
30Frequency distribution20100Std. D
Page 81 and 82:
followed by plastic drum (30 points
Page 83 and 84:
Table 4.2.26 Wheat seed preservatio
Page 85 and 86:
Table 4.2.27 Men, women and childre
Page 87 and 88:
espectively. Farmers used FYM at th
Page 89 and 90:
Table 4.2.30 Wheat seed production
Page 91 and 92:
the amounts of stored wheat seed fo
Page 93 and 94:
8. Termite attack at seedling Insec
Page 95 and 96:
percentages of germination, moistur
Page 97 and 98:
4.3.2 Major occupation of maize far
Page 99 and 100:
Table 4.3.4 Time line of maize cult
Page 101 and 102:
Legend:RajshahiKishoregonjExperienc
Page 103 and 104:
4.3.9 Major cropping patterns pract
Page 105 and 106:
yield and production cost and marke
Page 107 and 108:
medium farmers in Rajshahi and 85%
Page 109 and 110:
significantly affected the maize pr
Page 111 and 112:
Harvesting and post harvest managem
Page 113 and 114:
In the present study it is observed
Page 115 and 116:
4.3.25 Maize seed demand and propor
Page 117 and 118:
4.4.5 Seed purchase and sale price
Page 119 and 120:
variety `Swarna’ has leaked throu
Page 121 and 122:
6. POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMEN
Page 123 and 124:
Table 6.1 Proposed training program
Page 125 and 126:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAll praises are due
Page 127 and 128:
20. Dadalani, M., M.S. Islam, I. Ah
Page 129 and 130:
ANNEXESDinajpur•Birol•Bochagonj
Page 131 and 132:
Annex 7. Percent of rice farmers us
Page 133 and 134:
Annex 12. Boro rice grain productio
Page 135 and 136:
Annex 17. Wheat grain production pa
Page 137 and 138:
Annex 21. Socio-economic scenario o
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