Studies on Policy Option for Quality Seed Production and ... - NFPCSP

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last ploughing. After 1 st irrigation (18-22 days after sowing) 115 kg/ha urea are applied as top-dressing.Previously, farmers did not control weed neither by mechanical weeding or using weedicide. From thelast year (2007) some farmers are using weedicide (Affinity) to control weed. It is applied once in afield.Disease and pest management: There are few insects that attack wheat. Sometimes, termite attacks inthe seedling stage, which is controlled by insecticides (e.g. Darsbern or Briefer 5G). Aphid and stemborer may attack but application of insecticide is not economic. Only Kanchan variety was to found beaffected by Bipolarise Leaf Blight (BpLB) and this variety was later replaced.Irrigation and water management: All the farmers irrigate at least once and it is made 18-21 daysafter sowing. Some farmers apply water once more, which is at 45-60 days after sowing. From recentpassed time, farmers have been using plastic hosepipe for irrigation. Some are irrigating their crop byflood irrigation system.Rouging: Farmers generally cultivate grain crops andsome portion of which they keep as seed. Majority ofthe farmers do not isolate seed plots, do not do rouging,and are not careful about seed admixture in threshingand drying. Farmers are not aware of it. A negligiblenumber of farmers do rouging.Harvesting and post-harvest management: Farmersharvest their wheat crop manually and thresh bythresher on the day of harvesting or 1-2 days afterharvest. Depending on grain moisture, they dry thePlate 4.2.6 Varietal admixture in wheat fieldgrains in sun for 2-5 days. They clean the grains andgrade by using Kula. They become sure about the moisture content by chewing the grain. After sundrythey keep the grain in shade for cooling. Then they keep the seed in drum or in polyethylene bag.Seed storage: About 60% of the farmers store seeds in their houses for own use and some of themstore for sale. They keep their own seeds in drum lined with polyethylene bag and then put it on a layerof bricks on the floor of the house. After properly drying (2-3 sun dry), they clean the seeds throughhand winnowing and keep it within poly bags with jute sack cover. Some of the farmers keep seeds inmetal/plastic drum. Majority of the farmers do not do germination test properly. They detect good seedsby observing physical appearance like boldness, shining color, insect presence etc.Cost and return of wheat cultivation: Human labour was 80 man-days and cost was Tk. 9,600/ha(Table 4.2.28). Most of the farmers used herbicide for controlling weeds as it reduces human labor usecompared to the traditional practice of manual weeding. Land preparation cost was Tk. 2,161/ha. In thereporting season, about 80% farmers used new variety Prodip and Bijoy seeds, and most of the farmerspurchased the seeds from others. Seed rate was 148 kg/ha and cost for that was Tk. 5920/ha,72
espectively. Farmers used FYM at the rate of 4446 kg/ha. Per hectare urea, TSP and MP costs wereTk. 2,076, Tk. 2,134 and Tk. 1,375, respectively. Due to the fertilizer scarcity and abnormally highprice, farmers of the village used lower rate of chemical fertilizers compared to WRC recommendation.Per hectare total variable cost of wheat production was Tk. 28,597. Due to the prolong fogy weatherafter spike initiation period and lower dose of fertilizers, farmers got comparatively lower yield than thepotentiality of the new varieties. Average per hectare yield was 2470kg. For estimating total return,opportunity cost of wheat was considered. Per hectare gross return and gross margin of wheat were Tk.37,050 and Tk8,453 respectively.Table 4.2.28 Cost and Return of wheat production at Motizapur village of Dinajpur, 2009Item Quantity/ha Cost and return (Tk/ha)Human labour (man-days/ha) 80 9600Plowing (Number) 2.5 2161Seed (kg) 148 5920Farm Yard Manure (kg) 4446 2223Urea (kg 173 2076TSP (kg) 30 2160MP (kg) 25 1375Gypsum (kg) 99 495Boron (kg) 2 240Herbicide (Number) 1 494Irrigation (Number) 1.5 1853Total variable cost - 28597Yield (kg) 2470 -Gross return - 37050Gross margin - 8453Note: Seed @ Tk. 40/kg, Plowing cost @ Tk. 350/plow/acre, Compost @ Tk. 0.5/kg, TSP @ Tk. 72/kg, MP @ Tk. 55/kg,Gypsum @ Tk. 5/kg, Irrigation cost @ Tk. 500/acre/irrigation, Human labour @ Tk. 120/man-days, Grain price @ Tk 15.0 /kgSource: PRA data [The price of wheat seed was considerably high at sowing time (Tk. 40/ per kg) but it was lower during theharvesting time (as grain Tk 15/ per kg)]4.2.32 Wheat grain production cost and profitabilityThe production package used for wheat cultivation at farmers` level and its profitability analysis for allthe study sites (Rajshahi, Dinajpur and Rangpur) are presented in Table 4.2.29 and Annexes 16 -18.It is observed that the average total variable cost for wheat grain cultivation was Tk. 29,273/ha whilethe total cost was Tk. 39,273. The average gross return and gross margin (total cost basis) were Tk.46,190 and Tk. 6,917/ha. On the other hand, the wheat grain cultivation provided on average a BCRvalue of 1.18 on total cost basis. As most of the farmers of the study areas preserve a small portion oftheir produced wheat grain as seed for the next year sowing, therefore, the study dealt with grain insteadof wheat seed.The cost and return from wheat production usually depend on the rate of used inputs (seed, fertilizers,pesticides, irrigation etc.), land/soil type, number of laborers used and their wage rate, local market etc.Under the present study, these factors differed more or less across sites and that might have created thevariations in production cost and economic return in case of wheat grain/seed production.73
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Final Report PR #6/08Studie
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSTUDIES ON POLICY
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TABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive SummaryL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTD.)ChapterPa
Page 9 and 10:
LIST OF TABLESName of the TablesPag
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LIST OF TABLES (CONTD.)Name of the
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LIST OF ANNEXESName of the AnnexesP
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STUDIES ON POLICY OPTION FOR QUALIT
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1.2 Expected outputs of the studyi)
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selected upazilas, the team selecte
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2.10 Preparation and pre-tested of
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3. REVIEW OF LITERATUREThe availabi
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different storage containers ranged
Page 27 and 28:
3.1.3 Maize SeedResearch works on m
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governments’ seed suppliers. As a
Page 31 and 32:
Therefore, under the present study
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experience along with available inp
Page 35 and 36: findings that the farming community
Page 37 and 38: Table 4.1.5 Linkage of the family m
Page 39 and 40: different hybrid varieties of rice
Page 41 and 42: large farmers had used all types of
Page 43 and 44: 4.1.15 Seed classes used by the ric
Page 45 and 46: BADC10%Others Farmers5%DAE5%Self80%
Page 47 and 48: Similarly, farmers’ own seed and
Page 49 and 50: 4.1.25 Drying method used by the ri
Page 51 and 52: But these types of storage containe
Page 53 and 54: educed through proper processing an
Page 55 and 56: 4.1.34 Production cost and profitab
Page 57 and 58: Table 4.1.35 Rice seed production c
Page 59 and 60: 4.1.38 Constraints to rice seed pro
Page 61 and 62: was probably due to absorption of s
Page 63 and 64: Table 4.2.2 Major occupation of whe
Page 65 and 66: 4.2.5 Sources of technological supp
Page 67 and 68: Table 4.2.5 Services received from
Page 69 and 70: Table 4.2.8 Percent of the farmers
Page 71 and 72: Table 4.2.11 Farmers’ opinion abo
Page 73 and 74: Table 4.2.13 Farmers’ choice prio
Page 75 and 76: 4.2.18 Percent of farmers using fer
Page 77 and 78: 4.2.20 Seed drying place of wheat a
Page 79 and 80: 30Frequency distribution20100Std. D
Page 81 and 82: followed by plastic drum (30 points
Page 83 and 84: Table 4.2.26 Wheat seed preservatio
Page 85: Table 4.2.27 Men, women and childre
Page 89 and 90: Table 4.2.30 Wheat seed production
Page 91 and 92: the amounts of stored wheat seed fo
Page 93 and 94: 8. Termite attack at seedling Insec
Page 95 and 96: percentages of germination, moistur
Page 97 and 98: 4.3.2 Major occupation of maize far
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.3.4 Time line of maize cult
Page 101 and 102: Legend:RajshahiKishoregonjExperienc
Page 103 and 104: 4.3.9 Major cropping patterns pract
Page 105 and 106: yield and production cost and marke
Page 107 and 108: medium farmers in Rajshahi and 85%
Page 109 and 110: significantly affected the maize pr
Page 111 and 112: Harvesting and post harvest managem
Page 113 and 114: In the present study it is observed
Page 115 and 116: 4.3.25 Maize seed demand and propor
Page 117 and 118: 4.4.5 Seed purchase and sale price
Page 119 and 120: variety `Swarna’ has leaked throu
Page 121 and 122: 6. POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMEN
Page 123 and 124: Table 6.1 Proposed training program
Page 125 and 126: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAll praises are due
Page 127 and 128: 20. Dadalani, M., M.S. Islam, I. Ah
Page 129 and 130: ANNEXESDinajpur•Birol•Bochagonj
Page 131 and 132: Annex 7. Percent of rice farmers us
Page 133 and 134: Annex 12. Boro rice grain productio
Page 135 and 136: Annex 17. Wheat grain production pa
Page 137 and 138:
Annex 21. Socio-economic scenario o
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