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azdvajanja energetskih djelatnosti, sprjeËavanjemeappleusobnih subvencioniranja reguliranih inereguliranih djelatnosti unutar vertikalno ilihorizontalno integriranih sustava, efikasan sustavprekograniËnih razmjena, razvoj i uspostavaefikasnih træiπnih mehanizama i slobodna træiπnautakmica itd.S druge strane, Ëinjenice i pojavnost su da regulatornatijela u razliËitim zemljama imaju razliËitepozicije u odnosu na dræavna tijela i institucije,prvenstveno odgovarajuÊe vlade i ministarstva, terazliËite uloge i nadleænosti. U nekim zemljamaregulatorna tijela su organizacijska jedinica ilidio ministarstva ili pod nadzorom ministarstvaili vlade. U drugim zemljama su ili znaËajno iliu potpunosti neovisna tijela. U nekim zemljamaregulatorna tijela imaju nadleænost i obvezu nadzoraprovedbe podzakonskih akata, donoπenja metodologijatarifnih sustava, davanja odobrenja naplanove razvoja i planove investiranja reguliranihsubjekata, nadzora provedbe ili primjene tarifnihsustava i tarifa, nadzora financijskog poslovanja,nadzora provedbe raËunovodstvenog i upravljaËkograzdvajanja, nadzora kvalitete energetskih usluga,davanja odgovarajuÊih miπljenja i savjetovanjaministarstava i vlada o cijenama, tarifama, pitanjimauspostave energetskog træiπta i sl. U drugimzemljama nacionalna regulatorna tijela imajujaËu ulogu i nadleænosti, koje ukljuËuju donoπenjeodgovarajuÊih podzakonskih akata, ali i poduzimanjeodgovarajuÊih mjera, utvrappleivanje tarifai uvjeta pristupa mreæama, rjeπavanje sporova usvezi s pristupom mreæama i uvjetima koriπtenjamreæa, rjeπavanje prigovora i æalbi na rad operatoramreænih sustava, rjeπavanje prigovora i æalbikrajnjih kupaca i sliËno. Nisu zanemarivi i sustavimjera i sankcija koje nekim regulatornim tijelimastoje na raspolaganju da bi osnaæili svoje djelovanjei odluke.Kada su u pitanju nadleænosti za definiranje idonoπenje metodologija ekonomske regulacije,odnosno izbor, definiranje i donoπenje osnovnogregulacijskog pristupa, metodologije tarifnog sustavai samih tarifa, uloge regulatornih tijela se razlikuju.Opet, u nekim zemljama regulatorna tijelaimaju kljuËnu ulogu u svim segmentima procesaod definiranja metode regulacije i metodologijetarifnog sustava, nadzora poslovanja i revizije financijskihpokazatelja i izvjeπÊa energetskih subjekata,dubinske revizije i odobravanja troπkova,definiranja i odobravanja kljuËnih regulacijskih imakroekonomskih parametara, primjene mehanizamajavnog prezentiranja i oËitovanja javnosti,odnosno korisnika i kupaca o iznosima tarifnihstavki itd. U drugim zemljama regulatornim tijelimadane su u nadleænost i obveze samo nekaod navedenih prava, poslova i obveza. NajËeπÊiparticipants of these markets and the final customers.The prerequisites for transparent, efficient andnondiscriminatory electricity and gas markets are theassurance and implementation of transparent andnondiscriminatory access to the energy networks accordingto previously specified regulatory conditions,the independent and nondiscriminatory work of theenergy system operators, the transparent and nondiscriminatoryresolution of disputes and complaintsregarding network access and the work of the networksystem operators, the efficient implementationand guarantee of the accounting and managerial unbundlingof energy activities, the prevention of crosssubsidies among regulated and unregulated activitieswithin vertically or horizontally integrated systems,an effective system for cross-border exchanges, thedevelopment and establishment of efficient marketmechanisms and free market competition etc.Otherwise, the regulatory agencies in various countrieshave differing positions in relation to the stateagencies and institutions, primarily the correspondinggovernments and ministries, and various rolesand authorities. In some countries, the regulatoryagencies are organizational units, parts of a ministryor under the supervision of a ministry or the government.In other countries, they are either considerablyor entirely independent bodies. In some countries,the regulatory bodies have the authority andresponsibility of supervising the implementation ofbylaws, the adoption of the methodologies of the tariffsystems, granting approval for the developmentand investment plans of the regulated entities, supervisionover the implementation or application oftariff systems and tariffs, supervision over financialoperations, supervision over the implementation ofaccounting and managerial unbundling, supervisionover the quality of energy services, issuing suitableopinions and advising ministries and the governmentregarding prices, tariffs, questions regarding the establishmentof the energy market etc. In other countries,the national regulatory agency has a strong roleand powerful authority, including the adoption ofsuitable bylaws but also the undertaking of suitablemeasures for the determination of tariffs and conditionsfor network access, the settlement of disputesin connection with network access and conditions fornetwork use, the settlement of complaints regardingthe work of the network system operator, the settlementof complaints from the final customers etc. Thesystem of measures and penalties that some regulatoryagencies have at their disposal to enforce theiractivity and decisions is not insignificant.When authorities are in question for the definitionand adoption of methodologies for economic regulation,i.e. the selection, definition and adoption ofthe basic regulatory approach, methodologies of thetariff system and tariffs themselves, the roles of the531Klepo,M., Uloga regulatornih tijela u donošenju ..., Energija, god. 56(2007), br. 5., str. 526-553Klepo, M., The Role of the Regulatory Agency in Adoption ..., Energija, vol. 56(2007), No. 5, pp. 526-553