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ili naroËito u sluËajevima kada su dræavna tijela teprofite oduzela energetskim subjektima. S drugestrane, niski ili nedovoljno visoki iznosi naknadaza koriπtenje mreæa direktno ugroæavaju poslovanjeenergetskih subjekata, kvalitetu usluga i funkcijakoje ti subjekti pruæaju, a ako takvo stanje trajeduæe, onda i tehniËko-tehnoloπke osobine samemreæe i sustava.KonaËan zakljuËak u pogledu prethodnog bioje da bez obzira na uzroke, svaki problem i svakaposljedica prenosi se na korisnika ili krajnjegkupca i postaju njegov problem, a obvezaje i energetskog subjekta i regulatornog tijelada u reguliranom okruæju te probleme i posljediceotklone. Najefikasnijim opÊim pristupomotklanjanja svih negativnih posljedica ocjenjujese pragmatiËni pristup i postupanje, a ako jemoguÊe i suradnja sve tri zainteresirane strane.9) Poseban problem i izazov predstavlja regulacijamreænih infrastrukturnih monopola, prijenosa i distribucije,te u svezi s tim usko povezani problemgdje i pod kojim uvjetima se osiguravaju pomoÊneusluge sustava. NaroËito se u segmentu pomoÊnihusluga sustava mogu pojaviti dominantne pozicijei zlouporabe u joπ uvijek znaËajno integriranim sustavima,kada se poduzeÊima iz sustava ili grupeosiguravaju povoljniji uvjeti pristupa i koriπtenjapomoÊnih usluga ili njihova plaÊanja. U sprjeËavanjutakvih situacija, πtoviπe njihova sankcioniranja,presudna je uloga regulatornih tijela.Problem pomoÊnih usluga i odgovornosti za njihovoosiguranje i pruæanje usko je vezan s postojeÊimzakonodavnim i regulatornim okvirom, ili opÊenitopitanjem da li se na taj segment primjenjuje reguliraniili træiπni kontekst. U svakom sluËaju, u svezis tim segmentom najviπe je pitanja i dilema. Pitanjeje i kojoj djelatnosti iz dosadaπnje integriranestrukture i jedinstvene tarife koja je ukljuËivalasve djelatnosti i usluge pridijeliti odgovornost zaosiguranje pomoÊnih usluga, i kako te usluge naplatiti,kao dio odgovarajuÊih naknada ili zasebno.Neke zemlje taj problem razrijeπile su pridjeljujuÊiobveze i funkcije osiguranja pomoÊnih uslugaoperatorima prijenosnih i distribucijskih sustava,odnosno uvodeÊi ugovorne odnose po kojimatræiπni sudionici i te usluge slobodno ugovaraju,osiguravaju i na kraju plaÊaju. No, istaknuto je,da su takva rjeπenja i mehanizmi bili moguÊe teknakon πto je uspostavljena cjelovita funkcionalnai provedbena shema osiguravanja, tj. izvora i pridjeljivanjasvake pojedinaËne pomoÊne usluge ilinjene komponente, ali i uvjeta njihova eventualnogprekida i posljedica toga prekida. »injenicaje da su u nekim zemljama, a radi se o zemljamai energetskim gospodarstvima koja su u pravilu uranim fazama procesa restrukturiranja, otvaranjato very high or inadmissibly low charges for networkuse. High charges for network use would not onlymean high costs for network users but would alsopose a significant barrier to entry into the electricitymarket and development by those entities outsidethe current integrated national power systems. Theunreasonably high profits of monopolies have furthernegative political and social consequences, even orespecially in cases when government agencies haveredirected these earnings away from the entities.On the other hand, low or insufficient charges fornetwork use directly jeopardize the operations ofentities, the quality of the services and functionsprovided by these entities and, if such conditionspersist for extended periods, they may also jeopardizethe technical and technological characteristics ofthe network and system.The final conclusion in respect to the above is thatregardless of the cause, each problem and consequenceis shifted to the user or the final customersand becomes their problem. Both the entity andthe regulatory agency should resolve these issueswithin the regulated environment and eliminate theconsequences. The most efficient general approachto eliminating all such negative consequences isthought to be a pragmatic one, together with cooperationamong all three interested parties, if possible.9) A separate problem and challenge is the regulationof the network infrastructure monopolies, transmissionand distribution and, closely connected tothis, the issue of where and under which circumstancesauxiliary system services should be provided.Especially in the segment of auxiliary services of thesystem, dominant positions and abuses may occurin systems that are still significantly integrated whenenterprises from the system or groups are providedwith more favorable conditions for accessing, usingor paying for auxiliary services. In order to preventsuch situations, moreover to penalize them, the roleof the regulatory agencies is crucial.The issue of auxiliary services and the responsibilityfor providing them are closely connected to theexisting legislative and regulatory frameworks or, ingeneral, to the question whether the regulated ormarket context should be applied to this segment.In any case, the most questions and dilemmas areassociated with this segment. It is a question as towhich activities from the current integrated structureand single tariff that included all the activities andservices should be assigned responsibility for securingauxiliary services, and how should these servicesbe charged, as a part of the corresponding chargesor separately. Some countries have resolved thisproblem by assigning the obligations and functionsfor securing auxiliary services to the transmissionand distribution system operators, or by introduc-547Klepo,M., Uloga regulatornih tijela u donošenju ..., Energija, god. 56(2007), br. 5., str. 526-553Klepo, M., The Role of the Regulatory Agency in Adoption ..., Energija, vol. 56(2007), No. 5, pp. 526-553