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406 THOMAS S. NOONANtenth century were trimmed to a standard weight of ca. lg. 107 Using lg as anorm, 50,000g of silver ingots would equal around 50,000 dirhams. Thegold and silver ingots found in Kiev were thus the equivalent of between17,000 and 50,000 dirhams.Appendix D shows 337 normal silver ingots of the Kiev type found outsideof Kiev. To facilitate an estimate, this figure can be rounded off to 350and multiplied by 155g, yielding the sum of 54,250g. To this we shouldadd 41 heavy ingots of the Kiev type weighing around 200g each, or8,200g. In addition, several unidentified ingots or ingots of the Chernihivand Novgorod types were found in the vicinity of Kiev. These ingots addanother 5,618g to our figures. Finally, we can estimate 365g in gold ingotsfrom the vicinity of Kiev, the equvalent of 5,475g of silver. Totaling this,we find 73,543g, rounded off to about 80,000g, of silver deposited ingreater Kiev or made in the form of Kiev-type ingots but buried outside ofKiev. Since some silver ingots of the Kiev type may have been made outsideof Kiev, we can estimate that around 65,000g are attributable to Kiev.In other words, the silver value found in greater Kiev is roughly 15,000gmore than the value found inside Kiev. Taken together, the two valuesrepresent between 39,000 and 115,000 dirhams. In terms of deniers, withan average weight of ca. lg each, 108 Kiev's monetary wealth as expressedin ingots equaled 115,000 coins.If we consider the monetary value of all the ingots associated with Kiev,that is, ca. 39,000 to 115,000 dirhams, the total is highly significant. Overthe course of two centuries, only 17,000 to 20,000 dirhams were importedinto Kiev and vicinity. By way of contrast, some two to six times moresilver reached Kiev in ingot form during the century and a half before theMongol invasion. When this ingot value is expressed in terms of deniers—it equals ca. 115,000 deniers—the figure is even more striking. As wenoted earlier, a recent estimate put the total number of deniers from Rus'hoards at around 40,000. 109 The silver value of the ingots found in Kievalone exceeded the silver value of all deniers imported into Rus' betweenca. 975 and 1125. Furthermore, the aggregate ingot wealth connected withKiev and vicinity exceeds the number of deniers imported into Rus' by afactor of almost three. In other words, given the post-1000 A.D. circumstances,the monetary wealth of Kiev represented by ingots was trulymassive.107V. L. Ianin, Denezhno-vesovye sistemy russkogo srednevekov'ia: Domongol'skii period(Moscow, 1956), pp. 146-47.108Ianin, Denezhno-vesovye sistemy, pp. 146, 159.109See above, p. 399.