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344 JOHAN CALLMERThe new fortifications on the Starokyjivs'ka were impressive. The rampartmay have stood more than 6m high and the moat was probably quitedeep, especially since it partially followed natural ravines (Kilijevyc 1982,pp. 51-57). There was at least one gate with a stone gatehouse, presumablycrowned by a low tower (Samojlovs'kyj 1965).As we know, a distinct feature of settlement in the late tenth century wasits rapid development in the southern part of Kiev. A parallel phenomenonwas the development of settlement in the Kopyriv Kinec' (Tolocko 1981 A,pp. 24-26) and in areas between this district and the Starokyjivs'ka Hill(Borovs'kyj and Sahajdak 1985). Settlement in the Kopyriv Kinec', begunalready in the late tenth century, rapidly extended over several hectares. Agrave found at the intersection of Rejtars'ka and Ckalova Streets (Karger1959, pp. 169-72) may indicate even earlier settlement in the neighborhood(early tenth and mid-tenth century). The character of settlement inthe Kopyriv Kinec' and adjoining areas was of plots with sunken-featuredbuildings or square, timbered houses. At an early stage, fortifications werea rampart and a dry moat (Tolocko 1981 A, pp. 25-26).Already in the early tenth century, settlement in the Podil had extendedconsiderably. In the second half of the tenth century, settlement continuedto grow up the riverbank, following additional alluvial and deluvial deposits.In fact, the settled area of the Podil may have doubled in the tenth century.Only during the eleventh century, however, did extensive areasbecome secure from recurrent inundations by the Dnieper. As far as weknow, plot boundaries remained unchanged or changed only little (fig. 11).The economic and social character of the settlement in the Podil becamemore distinct. Also, there is now unambiguous evidence of craft production.An important find was that of four slate molds for belt mounts alongthe Podil's northern periphery (Hupalo and Ivakin 1977). The molds,recovered inside the remains of a burnt-down dwelling, are made of Ovrucslate, which must have been transported to Kiev over land or more probablyby boat via the Horyn', Pryp"jat', and Dnieper Rivers. An Arabic inscriptionon one of the molds is evidence that the owner or the artisan who madethe mold came from the East. This was the time when Khazar towns werein rapid decline. The concurrent rise of political and economic life in Kievsuggests that merchant and artisan emigrants from Khazar towns may havemoved to the flourishing new center.Iron production and perhaps especially iron working were of importancein the Podil. Excavations by Bohusevyc in 1950 of cultural layers goingback to the eleventh or perhaps even the late tenth century gave much evidenceof ironworking (Bohusevyc 1954). Considering the topography, it islikely that iron working was also located along the peripheries of the Kiev