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338 JOHAN CALLMEReleventh and twelfth centuries at three different sites in the Podil (Ivakinand Stepanenko 1985, pp. 83-85). Only one pagan grave has been found(Hupalo and Tolocko 1975, p. 46).The economic specialization of the district in the eleventh and twelfthcenturies was trade and crafts, and it is most likely that this was so from thevery beginnings of settlement. One of the plots excavated on the Cervonaplosca in 1972 was probably a merchant's residence. Finds of a Byzantinecoin, a weight, and some other items are also probably indicative (Hupaloand Tolocko 1975, pp. 41-61), although actual evidence of economic specializationfrom the earliest period is slight.The Podil of the late ninth and first half of the tenth century was anextensive area with rather dense settlement along the foothills on the upperof two riverbank terraces. Here and there, where the ground was a littlehigher, there was also settled land stretching towards the river. Settlementsgrew constantly. Streets and alleys divided the area into blocks. All plotswere fenced. The timber buildings were generally rather small, but theyfrequently had a second floor. It is most probable that there was a harbor onthe banks of the Pocajna.Traces of settlement, albeit vague, have been reported in three otherlocalities in central Kiev. Cultural layers and pottery have been found onboth the Scekavycja and the Kudrjavec' (Bohusevyc 1952B, pp. 68-69), aswell as on the Dytynka (Tolocko 1965, p. 16).If we review the entire settlement complex of Kiev in the late ninth andearly tenth century, we now have a vivid picture of very strong and veryrapid development. From a population of at most one to two hundred personsbefore the late ninth century, Kiev had grown enormously. On thehills large areas were rapidly cleared and were dotted with various buildingsor set aside as cemeteries. The settlement was divided into severalparts, possibly due in part to topography but also due to the social structureof early Kiev. In this early phase, an elite family probably settled in a distinctarea of the hills with their retainers, followers, and household. Eacharea had buildings and adjoining plots for their household, officials, militaryguard, etc. The preeminant part of Kiev was, however, already from theearly tenth century or even earlier, the Starokyjivs'ka Hill. It was probablythe seat of the leading elite family. Settlement in the Podil may have had aslightly different character, that is, a population only somewhat similar tothat on the hills and only partly integrated into its economic and social system.By the early tenth century, the population must have grown into thethousands. Even if the rich loess on the hills was ploughed and cattle,sheep, and horses grazed on meadows in the valleys of the Dnieper and the