HARVARD UKRAINIAN STUDIES - See also - Harvard University

526 STEFAN KIENIEWICZPolish tradition is different: Ukrainians invaded the Polish city of Lwow. Contraryto both heroic legends, the course of events went like this: only small detachmentsof volunteers were engaged in the November fighting for Lviv on both sides; themajority of Polish, Jewish, and Ukrainian residents remained passive in the conflict.The register of wrongs suffered and blood spilled is broken off in the year 1921.But later there were also the pacifications of the villages of "Eastern PoloniaMinor'' and a mutual slaughter in entire regions during the Second World War andthe drastic resettlements thereafter. Wrongdoing increases the fears of the wrongedparty and deepens hatred against those wronged. Difficult indeed is the task of scholarsand essayists who today are trying to lead both nations out of the fatal spiral ofmutual resentment.Essays devoted to Terlec'kyj (Terlecki), Czajkowski, and Duchiriski, three Polishsons of the Ukraine who fell in love with Ukrainian history and culture, occupy aspecial place in the volume. These are not figures favorably assessed in Poland:Terlec'kyj is blamed for bad turns in his ecclesiastical career; Czajkowski is spurnedfor the adoption of Islam and a miserable end to his life; and the pseudo-scholarlytheories of Duchiriski are ridiculed. But among Ukrainians, it is precisely histheories excluding Muscovites from Slavdom that make Duchiriski agreeable toUkrainians. Terlec'kyj arouses interest for having tried to persuade Pius IX (1846)of the need to establish a Greek-Catholic Patriarchate. Czajkowski arousesenthusiasm for having attempted to resurrect the old Cossack traditions in the Balkans.One is intrigued by the story of the manifesto by the secret patriotic committeeof the Ukraine and Bessarabia which allegedly fell into the hands of Sadik Pashain the fall of 1853 (p. 185). The relevant documents were preserved by the son ofSadik, Adam Czajkowski; they were published in part in 1924, and another part wasprinted as late as 1962. The documents were known to M. Handelsman, who in hiswork on Adam Czartoryski (vol. 3, p. 255) characterized them as "fiction or perhapsa mere forgery." Rudnytsky also thought that perhaps Sadik Pasha had invented thewhole story, but he did not dismiss the hypothesis.The two essays on Vjaceslav Lypyns'kyj, a nobleman born into a Polish familyand a landlord who adopted the Ukrainian identity and dreamed of the creation of aconservative Ukraine under a leading stratum, even if it were of Polish origin, areindirectly related to those about the trio of Polish Ukrainophiles. This topic couldhave been compared with an analogous political trend appearing in the same yearson the other end of Poland's eastern borderlands; I refer to the "natives" (krajowcy)of Vilnius who vainly tried to act as mediators between the Polish, Lithuanian, andBelorussian nationalisms. 5 The climate of the twentieth century proved unpropitiousfor their efforts.5 J. Bardach has devoted a few essays to the analysis of this problem in O dawnej i niedawnejLitwie (Poznari, 1988).