HARVARD UKRAINIAN STUDIES - See also - Harvard University

340 JOHAN CALLMERSome idea of the social divisions is provided by graves. There is a distinctgroup of high-rank burials, often in wooden chambers (e.g., Karger1959, graves 103ff.). Then there is a number of still well-equipped but lessconspicuous graves (e.g., Karger 1959, graves 8, 14, 25, 26, 30, 73, 83, 84,86). Very simple graves with few or no grave goods are also noted (e.g.,Karger 1959, graves 1-7, 9-13). Considered here are only inhumationgraves, since cremation graves, fewer in number, have also been less welldocumented.The variation in building techniques and grave rites strongly indicates avery complex cultural milieu and a polyethnic society (Mocja 1979). LocalEast Slavs certainly made up a considerable proportion of the inhabitants.Architecture and some grave rites suggest the presence of a large group ofpeople from the forest zone north of Kiev who were familiar with horizontaltimber construction and cremation burials. There were also high-rankingScandinavians among the population (Callmer 1981, p. 47). The archaeologicaldata does not prove that there were Oriental merchants and artisansin Kiev at this time, but the obvious importance of long-distance trade andlater evidence of such craftsmen's visits or permanent residence in Kievwould indicate that they were present already in the early phase. Greekarchitects, builders, and craftsmen certainly lived in Kiev for some time.Also, Byzantine clergymen and their servants were probably present.The large Kiev settlement was not an isolated community in the Dniepervalley. There were certainly hamlets and possibly also manors in the surroundingcountryside. It is curious that evidence of settlement in nearbyterritory seems to date mainly from a somewhat later period than the lateninth and early tenth centuries (cf. Movcan 1985). It is uncertain whetherthese neighboring settlements resulted from the establishment of Kiev or ifthey were part of an old system of agrarian settlements in the region. Probablyboth factors were at play.V. KIEV AT THE SECOND HALF OF THE TENTH CENTURYAND THE BEGINNING OF THE ELEVENTH CENTURYThe ongoing development that occurred in the second half of the tenth centuryestablished the early medieval center of Kiev as it would exist up to thesack of the capital of Rus' by the Mongols in 1240. It was a period of veryrapid expansion. Several aspects of the economic and social structurewhich earlier could only just be perceived now became distinct. Again weproceed with a survey of the various parts of Kiev (fig. 8).In the northern part of Lysa Hill, settlement continued in the second halfof the tenth century. Graves and other indicators of settlement can be datedto this period (Tolocko 1970, p. 147; Maksymov and Orlov 1982). It