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SMOTRYC'KYJ'S THRENOS OF 1610 471It is certainly probable that Smotryc'kyj drew on these works directly atsome point in his studies. But even if his training in rhetoric were takenlargely from such sixteenth-century compendia as Philipp Melanchthon'sElementa rhetorices (Wittenberg, 1531) or the De arte rhetorica libri tresex Aristotele, Cicerone, et Quintiliano deprompti (ca. 1560) by the SpanishJesuit Cypreano Soarez, he would still have acquired the Ciceronian divisionof oratory and definition of the basic parts of a speech. 24The point I wish to make here is a simple one and does not depend on anidentification of Smotryc'kyj's precise authority (if, indeed, he had onlyone): the basic parts of a judicial speech are present and clearly marked inthe first chapter of Smotryc'kyj's Threnos. Noteworthy is the fact that judicialoratory, though the main focus of classical rhetorical handbooks, hadlong been an anachronism; Melanchthon nonetheless devoted considerableattention to the genus iudicale, and he justified doing so precisely on thegrounds that many of its methods of arrangement and argumentation wereuseful in confessional polemics. 25Rhetoric was traditionally divided into five parts: inventio, dispositio,elocutio, memoria, and pronunciatio. Under the first two headingsSmotryc'kyj would have found guidelines for "the discovery of valid orseemingly valid arguments to render one's cause plausible" and for "thedistribution of arguments thus discovered in the proper order." 26 Thesources differ somewhat as to the exact number and names of the partesoratoriae. Widely accepted was the six-part division into exordium, narra-24Melanchthon's works on grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic were used in Protestant schoolsand earned him the title "praeceptor Germaniae." Soarez's rhetoric took its place alongsideEmmanuel Alvarez's De institutione grammatica libri tres and Petrus Fonseca's Institutionumdialecticarum libri octo as the basic textbooks prescribed by the ratio studiorum of Jesuitschools. (On Melanchthon's rhetorical and pedagogical programs, see Wilhelm Mauer, Derjunge Melanchthon zwischen Humanismus und Reformation, 2 vols. [Gottingen, 1967], andHermann-Adolph Stempel, Melanchthons pddagogisches Wirken [Bielefeld, 1979]. OnSoarez's rhetoric and its relationship to Cicero and Quintilian, see Barbara Bauer, Jesuitische"ars rhetorica" im Zeitalter der Glaubenskampf, Mikrokosmos 18 [Frankfurt am Main, 1986],pp. 138-242.)25See Melanchthon, Elementa rhetorices, in his Opera quae supersunt omnia, Corpus Reformatorum,vol. 13, ed. C. Bretschneider (Halle, 1846), p. 429: "Sed nos tradimus haec praecepta,vel ad iudicandas aliorum oratione (sic), vel ut etiam instruamus adolescentes ad controversiasin Epistolis tractandas, et ad ecclesiastica negocia. Nam disputationes ecclesiasticae,magna ex parte similitudinem quandam habent forensium certaminum. Interpretantur enimleges, dissolvunt antinomias, videlicet sententias, quae in speciem pugnare videntur, explicantambigua, interdum de iure, interdum de facto disputant, quaerunt factorum consilia. Ideo hocgenus in his nostris moribus, etiam magnum habet usum."26Cicero, De inventione (I vii 9): "Inventio est excogitatio rerum verarum aut verisimiliumquae causam probabilem reddant; dispositio est rerum inventarum in ordinem distributio."