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An evaluation of geographyand geography education in TurkeySalih Şahin, Servet KarabaǧUniversity of Gazi, Gazi Faculty of Education, Department of Geographye-mail:ssahin@gazi.edu.tr skarabag@gazi.edu.trAbstractThis research reviews the historical development of geography in Turkey, publications andresearch related with geography, the problems of geography and geography education in Turkeyand geography education with regards to university, primary and secondary schools.Key words: geography education, development of geography, TurkeyIntroductionIn Turkey, significant improvements have been gained in the geography andgeography education last century. However some problems still exist. Turkey is awonderful laboratory for geography in respect to its natural and human elements.This research has evaluated these topics:• Historical development of geography in Turkey• Publications and research related with geography• The problems of geography and geography education in Turkey• Geography education with regards to university, primary and secondary schools.Historical development of geography in Turkey:The development of geography in Turkey has taken place during four mainphases:Before 1933The period of time before 1933 in Turkey geography was undergoing a preparationperiod for scientific research, education and for other activities. In this stage, thestudies related to geography were inadequate. There were some troubles both insources and methods. The period has been identified as the preparation period beforethe modern geography (Erinç, 1973).Between 1933−1941This phase is known as the establishment of the place of modern geography inTurkey, it is indeed an important one for Turkish geography. During this period,two geography departments were opened, one of them was in Istanbul, and otherwas in Ankara. These still have still an important place in geography. The facultymembers who were brought from overseas to Istanbul University Department ofGeography and then to Ankara University Department of Geography, contributedto the development of geography there. However, most of the teachers were mainly202
physical geographers and this resulted in the greater development of physical geographycompared with other aspects (Erinç, 1973).Between 1941−1981A big congress was held in Turkey in 1941 related to geography. This congress tookan important role in the development of geography in Turkey. As a matter of fact, asa result of this the Turkish Geography Institution was set up and it became the centreof related studies. With the help of graduating students who had been educated by theteachers especially coming from France and Germany in the previous period and thestudents returning from abroad who had been sent overseas for their education, geographyreached it’s highest peak in terms of education and publications (Erinç, 1973).Since 1981In this period, which still continues up to now, not only have there been some developmentsin geography but also geography has entered a standstill period. Even thoughthe number of the publications continues to increase and lots of new developmentshave taken place with new departments being opened, the desired quality cannotbe found.Publications and research related with geographyRelated to physical geographyIn Turkey, especially after 1941 lots of physical geography books, which were relatedto both local and general topics, were published. The publications related to generaltopics were also used as lesson books especially in higher education. The influenceof teachers, who had come to Turkey, is seen clearly in these works.Related to human geographyIn Turkey, the number of the studies related to the human geography is relativelysmall. Especially between1941−1980 there were too many general works and littlespecialization. In recent years, it is understood that local studies were given importancemore.Related to Turkey’s geographical featuresIn Turkey, in the early 1900s the amount of research about the country’s geographicalfeatures was relatively low. It was on this ground that the Turkish GeographyInstitution was set up and the departments of geography in the main universitieswere opened, the number of the significant studies about the country’s geographicalfeatures has since regularly increased (Izbirak, 1976).Journals of Geography in TurkeyIn Turkey, the geography journals are the publications in which the universityacademic research is published. The journal of the Turkish geography Institutionhas been publishing Turkish research from the day of its foundation.The five main geography journals in Turkey are:1. Turkish Geographical Review (published by the Turkish Geographical Society),2. Aegean Geographical Journal (published by the University of Aegean),3. Eastern Geographical Review (Cizgi Publishing House),4. Marmara Geographical Review (published by the University of Marmara),5. Geography Research Journal (published by the University of Ankara).203
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Changing Horizons inGeography Educa
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ContributorsAnouk AdangFaculty of G
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Margaret C. KeaneSt Mary’s Univer
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Artur ReligaDepartment of Geography
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Contents1. Exciting Geography......
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Barbara Katharina Mayerhofer, Teach
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How to design and implement excitin
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only increase their motivation to l
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Ministry of Education. Having in mi
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eEurope and the Bologna agendaIn hi
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The main learning approachesencoura
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as a vibrant exciting subject at un
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include ICT as part of the educatio
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19. RICHARDSON J. A. 2001. Collabor
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class using identical instructions
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ability to hold and move a load is
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the range of practical activities.
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Multimedia learning of geographical
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• an organizer and manager of a l
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Geographical fieldwork in forestsJa
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One of these field study laboratori
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learning“, to develop and then in
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egin). It is referred to the inter-
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overruled by the judge and some sus
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esses or their reciprocal relations
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formulated one of key principles in
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Dress rehearsalHow should a present
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of the world, but multiple maps of
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focused on landscape, climate, popu
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ments in academic geography, could
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Training geography teachers in Pola
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a series of intellectual as well as
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• optional subject (30 hours) use
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of the lower levels of education. H
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• the one-subject model: the cont
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delivery, and the methods of the pa
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• Pathways signal important tasks
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Geography competitions as stimuli f
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Figure 1. Changes in the structure
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Challenges for the futureNowadays t
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A perspective from the United State
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The process of GIS inquiry - Thinki
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Remote Sensing in Geography Educati
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IntroductionThe Democratic Republic
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images visualise the “tree vegeta
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PART TWOProfessional Developmentand
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Key elements of an introductory stu
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Some textbooks also provide self-le
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Geography programs and BolognaThere
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equirements. In the faculties of Ar
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Even though this only is a short an
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Background of international student
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students in their language skills.
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International collaboration in dist
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Designing and teaching the distance
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audio lectures - one for presenting
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enrolled in geography courses at po
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development experience. Whilst Craf
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Networking and social diffusion of
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is mistreated, the culture is a-cul
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3. ABALAR. 2004. “Editorial”, i
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to gather process and store spatial
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1. Fundamental to understanding GIS
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The Future of Geography and Geograp
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of geography. In Singapore Social S
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geography should become much more s
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the handful of disciplines that has
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and respected and the institutional
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3. The strength of school and unive
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It is quite clear that Vidal de la
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Effective Practices in Distance Edu
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on to the other satellite school. O
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4. Ministry of Education. 1999. The
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Page 156 and 157: Charles University geography gradua
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Page 166 and 167: can convene. Details of these modul
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Page 170 and 171: The assessment must form the basis
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Page 174 and 175: The Relationship between Geography
Page 176 and 177: Geography and Territory Planning ha
Page 178 and 179: we wished, of course we have obtain
Page 180 and 181: Why Managers from Multinational Com
Page 182 and 183: able to have training in different
Page 184 and 185: ContextUtrecht University is a larg
Page 186 and 187: Typical is the very open atmosphere
Page 188 and 189: Times of Change for Geography Educa
Page 190 and 191: where it is divided into specific b
Page 192 and 193: • traditional versus progressive
Page 194 and 195: on European Dimension of Teaching g
Page 196 and 197: With the ongoing development of tel
Page 198 and 199: Figure 2. Present at Annual Congres
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Page 204 and 205: The problems of geography and geogr
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Page 208 and 209: Then these results were compared to
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Page 212 and 213: Internationalizing geography in hig
Page 214 and 215: nationalize their undergraduate and
Page 216 and 217: Groups also focus on international
Page 218 and 219: The Position of Geography Graduates
Page 220 and 221: have also affected the number ofGeo
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Page 224 and 225: In the Primary school curriculum, G
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Page 230 and 231: What Europe do we teach?A view from
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Page 236 and 237: Geography Forum: Intercultural Lear
Page 238 and 239: Was Intercultural Competence promot
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Page 242 and 243: Higher education (University) as a
Page 244 and 245: This table shows the importance of
Page 246 and 247: the studies on what exists, to cons
Page 248 and 249: 248taught in the foreign language e
Page 250 and 251: as K. De Bot calls it, is a variety
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Do you speak European? or: Why even
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Years’ Religious War in the 17 th
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Why geographers should be able to s
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Intercultural education in Italian
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of geography in the process of inte
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9. BRUSA C., ed. 2002. Processi di
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Nowadays, according to the literatu
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In the gymnasium and in high school
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3. Dziennik Ustaw nr 61 z dnia 19 c
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Crick advocates these principles by
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dropping litter. There is circle ti
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and learning. Kerala is an exporter
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The role of geographical education
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ole: they form attitudes, views, pr
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Field lessons can engage the pupil
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to explore regional issues when tea
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Some backgroundFor a number of year
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issues that will shape the future g
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Geography and Environmental Science
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(2000) cautioned an awareness of cu
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Geography and Languages in Intercul
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Table 1. The most widely taught for
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the whole world will, according to
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References1. CALVET L. J. 2002. Le
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Sustainable development: let geogra
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predecessor “green,” or the pre
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8. GUNN A. S., “Professional Ethi
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Much research in Environmental Educ
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Sustainability, Development and Sec
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includes geography. The context is,
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• protected areas8. Landscape sec
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Developing geographical professiona
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tion contributes to the growth of e
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cooperative learning using as theor
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Studyng climate and water resources
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By signing and ratifying the Kyoto
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and political implications of plann
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8. UNITED NATIONS 1997. Kyoto Proto
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Conference Changing Horizons in Geo
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