The planet we live on: The beginnings of the Earth Sciences

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Figure 5.23: <strong>The</strong> bones ofthe more than three millionyear old Australopithecusskeleton ‘Lucy’ found inEthiopia, Africa.Figure 5.24: A reconstruction of the ‘Lucy’ Australopithecusskeleton.Quarrying produces the raw materials needed for construction. Without quarry products,no building could take place. Indeed, nearly all the material used for the buildings aroundyou came from the ground.<strong>The</strong> materials produced by quarrying fall into five main categories:• aggregate - crushed rock (e.g. limestone, sandstone, basalt) or sand and gravelfrom gravel pits, used to add to concrete, for foundations and for railways; somefine aggregates are also used to make building blocks that look like building stones;• limestone - used to make cement, for the chemical and fertiliser industries and insmelting iron ore;• brick clay - from brick pits, used to make bricks and roofing tiles;131
Figure 5.25: A working aggregate-producing quarry on Sifnos, Greece.• building stone - nowadays used mainly for ornamental facing stones for high prestigebuildings (in thin slabs attached to the walls of the buildings) or as flooring,and for memorials, statues, and fireplaces, but also for repairs to old stone-builtbuildings, walls and pathways;• specialist products - such as china clay, pottery clay, silica sand for glass-making;gypsum to make plaster, and slates for roofing older buildings.This list shows that ‘quarrying’ normally includes sand and gravel pits, but does notinclude large opencast mines used for coal, copper or iron ore extraction. Neither does itcover deep mines for coal and ore minerals. Since quarry products are bulky and heavy,they are normally extracted as close to the site where they are being used as possible,to minimise transport costs. Thus many small abandoned quarries and pits are foundnear older built up areas. Nowadays, because it is difficult to get planning permissionto excavate new quarries, the trend is for larger quarries to be developed near transportlinks, from where the materials can be transported to where they are needed. Sometimessuperquarries have been developed on the coast, from where the products can easily betransported worldwide. <strong>The</strong> exception to this is the ornamental stone industry wheretoday, it is often cheaper to import stone from large exporters abroad, than to quarry itlocally.When new quarries or gravel pits are being planned, or older sites are being extended,the planning application should cover the following issues:• the size and shape of the development and the likely duration of the quarrying;132
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Basic Books in ScienceBook 6<strong
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BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
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BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
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Looking ahead - If you came across
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3.2 Plate tectonics (20th Century)
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1.30 Coal seams in an opencast coal
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3.4 Alfred Wegener, the polar explo
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5.14 A GPS remote volcano monitorin
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Figure 1.2:minerals.A sandstone roc
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Even diamond can have different col
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Figure 1.8: A red garnet crystal in
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Figure 1.12: Crystals of minerals i
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Hematite, Fe 2 O 3 - earthy red, me
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Figure 1.17: Sedimentary rocks show
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Figure 1.20: A close up view of a p
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Figure 1.26: Ancient wave ripple ma
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Figure 1.30: Coal seams in an openc
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Figure 1.32: Close up view of a pie
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Figure 1.35: A fossil colonial cora
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Figure 1.38: Fossil ammonites, indi
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Figure 1.39: ‘Massive’ igneous
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Figure 1.41: A close up view of a p
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Figure 1.44: A basalt flow that coo
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Figure 1.47: Deposit of volcanic as
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Figure 1.49: An old slate quarry, s
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Figure 1.51: Slate, a low-grade met
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Figure 1.53: Schist, a medium-grade
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Figure 1.56: Metaquartzite, produce
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Figure 1.58: A region of folded roc
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Figure 1.61: A normal fault. This s
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Figure 1.64: An unconformity. Older
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proper geological maps. Fossils hav
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Cephalopods are not extinct, but th
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Figure 1.68: A shelled cephalopod f
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You can try the rock sequencing pri
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Chapter 2Reading landscapes: how la
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Figure 2.3: Rock fragments loosened
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Figure 2.6: The jo
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Figure 2.10: The m
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are forming them. Similarly the sha
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Figure 2.19: This photo was taken f
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Figure 2.25: Dinosaur tracks conser
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• On coastal sections, whenever p
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found evidence that the Earth was a
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Figure 3.3: James Hutton, the ‘Fo
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Figure 3.5: A page of Wegener’s 1
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Figure 3.7: The st
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Page 101 and 102: Figure 3.19: An ocean versus contin
Page 103 and 104: Figure 3.23: Map of the major tecto
Page 105 and 106: Figure 3.26: Global temperature cha
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.29: A computer generated p
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Page 115 and 116: Millionsof yearsago (Ma)01000Some M
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Page 121 and 122: Figure 4.12: The 4
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Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6: An ash eruption rising
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.10: A hazard zone map of t
Page 133 and 134: isk to humans. The
Page 135 and 136: Figure 5.14: A GPS (global satellit
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Page 139 and 140: Figure 5.17: A windfarm in Ireland.
Page 141 and 142: Figure 5.19: A beautifully preserve
Page 143 and 144: Another ‘missing link’ find has
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Page 151 and 152: Chapter 6Understanding what geologi
Page 153 and 154: Figure 6.2: A drilling rig used for
Page 155 and 156: When an oil/gas field has been foun
Page 157 and 158: Figure 6.6: Groundwater flowing out
Page 159 and 160: Dam disaster in Italy, when the wav
Page 161 and 162: Figure 6.10: A slab foundation, bui
Page 163 and 164: An example of this is investigation
Page 165 and 166: GlossaryAbsolute age The</s
Page 167 and 168: Carbon capture The
Page 169 and 170: Crustal shortening This results of
Page 171 and 172: Evaporite deposits (or evaporites)
Page 173 and 174: Geophysical survey Using the method
Page 175 and 176: “Integrated waste management” <
Page 177 and 178: Metamorphism The r
Page 179 and 180: Pore spaces (or pores) Gaps bet<str
Page 181 and 182: Saltation Sediment movement by flui
Page 183 and 184: Suspension Sediment movement by flu
Page 185 and 186: AcknowledgementsPermission to repri
Page 187 and 188: Figure 2.3 A scree slope. Photo ID:
Page 189 and 190: Figure 1.15a Hematite.Figure 1.15b
Page 191 and 192: Figure 1.28 Dune cross bedding in s
Page 193 and 194: Figure 3.18 An island arc volcano,
Page 195 and 196: Figure 5.21 Excavations at the dino
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