The planet we live on: The beginnings of the Earth Sciences

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Figure 1.39 Granite cliff in Yosemite National Park, USA. Photo ID: h4v9hm. Copyright© Bruce Molnia, Terra Photographics.Figure 1.41 Vesicular basalt. Photo ID: idchfd. Copyright © Dr. Richard Busch, WestChester University.Figure 1.43 Fountains and cascades of basalt lava at Mauna Ulu on the east rift ofKilauea in Hawaii, USA. Photo ID: h0x6uv. Photographer: D.A. Swanson U.S.Geological Survey. Courtesy USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.Figure 1.45 Pillow basalt. Photo ID: ij6iul. Copyright © Bruce Molnia, Terra Photographics.Figure 1.51 Slaty cleavage and bedding. Photo ID: hfyv72. Copyright © Marli Miller,University of Oregon.Figure 1.52 Palaeozoic slate in the Smokey Mountains, USA. Photo ID: h2eehf. Copyright© Bruce Molnia, Terra Photographics.Figure 1.54 Folded gneiss. Photo ID: hdehnx. Copyright © Marli Miller, University ofOregon.Figure 1.55 Marble. Photo ID: i8bi83. Copyright © Dr. Richard Busch, West ChesterUniversity.Figure 1.57 Anticline/syncline in Pliocene rocks near the San Andreas Fault, California,USA. Photo ID: i8bm6. Copyright © Bruce Molnia, Terra Photographics.Figure 1.58 <strong>The</strong> Sheep Mountain anticline in Wyoming, USA. Photo ID: hjz82h. Copyright© Louis Maher, University of Wisconsin.Figure 1.59 Reverse faults. Photo ID: hflo30. Copyright © Marli Miller, University ofOregon.Figure 1.60 Thrust fault on the beach near Santa Barbara, California, USA. Photo ID:i8bjxx. Copyright © Bruce Molnia, Terra Photographics.Figure 1.61 A normal fault in Precambrian rocks near Manila, Utah, USA. Photo ID:i8bm7y. Copyright © Bruce Molnia, Terra Photographics.Figure 1.62 Aerial view of a strike-slip fault in Nevada, USA. Photo ID: hfln4a. Copyright© Marli Miller, University of Oregon.Figure 1.64 Unconformity formed when folded rocks of the lo<strong>we</strong>r Entrada formation hadbeen eroded to a relatively flat surface before the Morrison Formation conglomeratewas deposited on top of and buried this erosion surface, USA. Photo ID: ho7fk6.Copyright © Thomas McGuire.Figure 1.68 Goniatite showing suture line. Photo ID: hna6cg. Photographer, AlbertCopley. Copyright © Oklahoma University.171
Figure 2.3 A scree slope. Photo ID: hdenni. Copyright © John Ballard.Figure 2.9 Wind transport in a sandstorm, south eastern California. Photo ID: ha45td.Copyright © Marli Miller, University of Oregon.Figure 2.11 <strong>The</strong> V-shaped valley of the Frazer River, British Columbia, Canada. PhotoID: i566u9. Copyright © Dr. Roger Slatt, University of Oklahoma.Figure 2.12 A U-shaped glacial valley in Montana’s Glacier National Park, USA. PhotoID: imgsd0. Copyright © Larry Fellows.Figure 2.16 A ridge, Mount Rundle in Alberta’s Banff National Park, Canada. PhotoID: i565yc. Copyright © Dr. Roger Slatt, University of Oklahoma.Figure 2.24 A restored opencast mine. Photo ID: h6ilei. Courtesy, US Bureau of Mines.Figure 2.27 Hazardous waste in an old metal mining area in the USA, Bunker HillSuperfund site. Photo ID: ih0hil. Copyright © Stuart Jennings, Montana StateUniversity.Figure 5.2 San Andreas Fault offsetting streams along the Carrizo Plain in the <strong>we</strong>sternUSA. Photo ID: ih0cai. Copyright © Michael Collier.Figure 5.5 An aerial view of basalt lava fountaining and flowing from Pu’u Oo in theHawaii Volcanoes National Park. Photo ID: h27uf0. Photographer: J.D Griggs,U.S. Geological Survey. Courtesy, USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.Figure 5.7 An explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens, USA, on March 19, 1982, sendingpumice and ash 14 kilometres into the air, and producing a lahar (the dark depositon the snow) flowing from the crater into the North Fork Toutle River valley. PhotoID: h57rfy. Photographer: Tom Casadevall, United States Geological Survey.Figure 5.8 This unoccupied bus was heavily damaged by the May 18th, 1980 eruptionof Mount St. Helens and partially buried by a lahar on the North Fork Toutle Rivernear Camp Baker, USA. Photo ID: h6iuu7. United States Geological Survey.Figure 5.12 Damage caused by the 1985 earthquake in Mexico City, Mexico. Photo ID:ho73gp. Albert Copley Oklahoma University Archives, © Oklahoma University.Figure 5.13 Seismic monitoring of volcanic activity. Photo ID: hi4otv. United StatesGeological Survey.Figure 6.1 Geologists at work examining drill cores, Photo ID: h6iiub. Copyright ©ASARCO.Figure 6.2 <strong>The</strong> Noble Kolskaya jackup rig in the North Sea. Photo ID: h6iq54. Copyright© Noble Corporation.Figure 6.6 Groundwater flowing out of bedrock in a spring. Photo ID: h4uu4k. Copyright© Marli Miller, University of Oregon.172
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Basic Books in ScienceBook 6<strong
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BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
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BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
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Looking ahead - If you came across
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3.2 Plate tectonics (20th Century)
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1.30 Coal seams in an opencast coal
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3.4 Alfred Wegener, the polar explo
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5.14 A GPS remote volcano monitorin
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Figure 1.2:minerals.A sandstone roc
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Even diamond can have different col
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Figure 1.8: A red garnet crystal in
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Figure 1.12: Crystals of minerals i
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Hematite, Fe 2 O 3 - earthy red, me
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Figure 1.17: Sedimentary rocks show
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Figure 1.20: A close up view of a p
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Figure 1.26: Ancient wave ripple ma
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Figure 1.30: Coal seams in an openc
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Figure 1.32: Close up view of a pie
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Figure 1.35: A fossil colonial cora
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Figure 1.38: Fossil ammonites, indi
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Figure 1.39: ‘Massive’ igneous
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Figure 1.41: A close up view of a p
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Figure 1.44: A basalt flow that coo
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Figure 1.47: Deposit of volcanic as
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Figure 1.49: An old slate quarry, s
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Figure 1.51: Slate, a low-grade met
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Figure 1.53: Schist, a medium-grade
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Figure 1.56: Metaquartzite, produce
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Figure 1.58: A region of folded roc
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Figure 1.61: A normal fault. This s
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Figure 1.64: An unconformity. Older
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proper geological maps. Fossils hav
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Cephalopods are not extinct, but th
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Figure 1.68: A shelled cephalopod f
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You can try the rock sequencing pri
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Chapter 2Reading landscapes: how la
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Figure 2.3: Rock fragments loosened
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Figure 2.6: The jo
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Figure 2.10: The m
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are forming them. Similarly the sha
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Figure 2.19: This photo was taken f
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Figure 2.25: Dinosaur tracks conser
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• On coastal sections, whenever p
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found evidence that the Earth was a
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Figure 3.3: James Hutton, the ‘Fo
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Figure 3.5: A page of Wegener’s 1
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Figure 3.7: The st
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Figure 3.10: The r
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Figure 3.13: The m
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Figure 3.15: The S
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Figure 3.19: An ocean versus contin
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Figure 3.23: Map of the major tecto
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Figure 3.26: Global temperature cha
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Figure 3.29: A computer generated p
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Figure 3.31: The
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planet extended th
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Figure 4.1: William Smith’s geolo
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Millionsof yearsago (Ma)01000Some M
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ocks whilst the first definite plan
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Figure 4.9: The ch
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Figure 4.12: The 4
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Millionsof years Some Major Earth E
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Figure 5.2: Strike-slip movement (r
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Figure 5.4: The So
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Figure 5.6: An ash eruption rising
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Figure 5.10: A hazard zone map of t
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isk to humans. The
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Page 139 and 140: Figure 5.17: A windfarm in Ireland.
Page 141 and 142: Figure 5.19: A beautifully preserve
Page 143 and 144: Another ‘missing link’ find has
Page 145 and 146: Figure 5.22: A dinosaur reconstruct
Page 147 and 148: Figure 5.25: A working aggregate-pr
Page 149 and 150: Figure 5.26: The E
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 6Understanding what geologi
Page 153 and 154: Figure 6.2: A drilling rig used for
Page 155 and 156: When an oil/gas field has been foun
Page 157 and 158: Figure 6.6: Groundwater flowing out
Page 159 and 160: Dam disaster in Italy, when the wav
Page 161 and 162: Figure 6.10: A slab foundation, bui
Page 163 and 164: An example of this is investigation
Page 165 and 166: GlossaryAbsolute age The</s
Page 167 and 168: Carbon capture The
Page 169 and 170: Crustal shortening This results of
Page 171 and 172: Evaporite deposits (or evaporites)
Page 173 and 174: Geophysical survey Using the method
Page 175 and 176: “Integrated waste management” <
Page 177 and 178: Metamorphism The r
Page 179 and 180: Pore spaces (or pores) Gaps bet<str
Page 181 and 182: Saltation Sediment movement by flui
Page 183 and 184: Suspension Sediment movement by flu
Page 185: AcknowledgementsPermission to repri
Page 189 and 190: Figure 1.15a Hematite.Figure 1.15b
Page 191 and 192: Figure 1.28 Dune cross bedding in s
Page 193 and 194: Figure 3.18 An island arc volcano,
Page 195 and 196: Figure 5.21 Excavations at the dino
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