The planet we live on: The beginnings of the Earth Sciences

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Contents1 Reading rock exposures: how rock exposures contain evidence of howthey <strong>we</strong>re formed and subsequently deformed 11.1 Rock exposures are formed of minerals, rocks and fossils . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Minerals are formed in a number of geological environments . . . . . . . . 21.2.1 Igneous rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2.2 Metamorphic rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2.3 Evaporites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2.4 Sedimentary rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2.5 Veins and ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 Sedimentary rocks - formed by a range of surface processes in a variety ofenvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.4 Igneous rocks - formed from molten rock by a range of processes . . . . . 251.5 Metamorphic rocks - formed by heat and pressure in metamorphic processes 321.6 Deformation in rocks - geological structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371.7 Rock exposures contain evidence of the sequence of geological events thatformed and deformed them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 Reading landscapes: how landscapes contain evidence of the relationshipbet<strong>we</strong>en past and present processes and the underlying geology 562.1 <strong>The</strong> landscape is subject to processes of <strong>we</strong>athering, erosion and transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562.2 Valley shapes generally reflect the mode of their formation . . . . . . . . . 622.3 Landforms often reflect underlying geological structure . . . . . . . . . . . 642.4 Modification of the landscape by human activity is often influenced by theunderlying geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662.5 Important rock exposures should be conserved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 Understanding the ‘big ideas’: major concepts that underpin our currentunderstanding of the Earth 713.1 <strong>The</strong> rock cycle (Hutton, 18th Century) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71vi
3.2 Plate tectonics (20th Century) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743.3 Global temperature/sea level change (21st Century) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 Major geological events fit into a timeline, beginning with the formationof the Earth 974.1 <strong>The</strong> origin and development of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974.2 <strong>The</strong> development of Earth’s continental jigsaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045 Current geological events commonly reported in the media 1095.1 Earth hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095.2 Human impacts on climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225.3 Great fossil finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255.4 Planning, quarrying and landfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306 Understanding what geologists do: how geologists use investigationalskills in their work today 1366.1 What geologists do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1366.2 Oil/gas exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1376.3 Mineral prospecting and mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1406.4 Hydrogeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1416.5 Environmental geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446.6 Geotechnical engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456.7 Academic research geologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Glossary 150Acknowledgements 170vii
Page 1 and 2: Basic Books in ScienceBook 6<strong
Page 3 and 4: BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
Page 5 and 6: BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
Page 7: Looking ahead - If you came across
Page 11 and 12: 1.30 Coal seams in an opencast coal
Page 13 and 14: 3.4 Alfred Wegener, the polar explo
Page 15 and 16: 5.14 A GPS remote volcano monitorin
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1.2:minerals.A sandstone roc
Page 19 and 20: Even diamond can have different col
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.8: A red garnet crystal in
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.12: Crystals of minerals i
Page 25 and 26: Hematite, Fe 2 O 3 - earthy red, me
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1.17: Sedimentary rocks show
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.20: A close up view of a p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 1.26: Ancient wave ripple ma
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.30: Coal seams in an openc
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.32: Close up view of a pie
Page 37 and 38: Figure 1.35: A fossil colonial cora
Page 39 and 40: Figure 1.38: Fossil ammonites, indi
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.39: ‘Massive’ igneous
Page 43 and 44: Figure 1.41: A close up view of a p
Page 45 and 46: Figure 1.44: A basalt flow that coo
Page 47 and 48: Figure 1.47: Deposit of volcanic as
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1.49: An old slate quarry, s
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1.51: Slate, a low-grade met
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1.53: Schist, a medium-grade
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1.56: Metaquartzite, produce
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1.58: A region of folded roc
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 1.61: A normal fault. This s
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 1.64: An unconformity. Older
Page 63 and 64:
proper geological maps. Fossils hav
Page 65 and 66:
Cephalopods are not extinct, but th
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 1.68: A shelled cephalopod f
Page 69 and 70:
You can try the rock sequencing pri
Page 71 and 72:
Chapter 2Reading landscapes: how la
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 2.3: Rock fragments loosened
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 2.6: The jo
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 2.10: The m
Page 79 and 80:
are forming them. Similarly the sha
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 2.19: This photo was taken f
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 2.25: Dinosaur tracks conser
Page 85 and 86:
• On coastal sections, whenever p
Page 87 and 88:
found evidence that the Earth was a
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 3.3: James Hutton, the ‘Fo
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 3.5: A page of Wegener’s 1
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 3.7: The st
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 3.10: The r
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 3.13: The m
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 3.15: The S
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 3.19: An ocean versus contin
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 3.23: Map of the major tecto
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 3.26: Global temperature cha
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 3.29: A computer generated p
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 3.31: The
Page 111 and 112:
planet extended th
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 4.1: William Smith’s geolo
Page 115 and 116:
Millionsof yearsago (Ma)01000Some M
Page 117 and 118:
ocks whilst the first definite plan
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 4.9: The ch
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 4.12: The 4
Page 123 and 124:
Millionsof years Some Major Earth E
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 5.2: Strike-slip movement (r
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 5.4: The So
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 5.6: An ash eruption rising
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 5.10: A hazard zone map of t
Page 133 and 134:
isk to humans. The
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 5.14: A GPS (global satellit
Page 137 and 138:
None of these methods has yet prove
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 5.17: A windfarm in Ireland.
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 5.19: A beautifully preserve
Page 143 and 144:
Another ‘missing link’ find has
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 5.22: A dinosaur reconstruct
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 5.25: A working aggregate-pr
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 5.26: The E
Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 6Understanding what geologi
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 6.2: A drilling rig used for
Page 155 and 156:
When an oil/gas field has been foun
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 6.6: Groundwater flowing out
Page 159 and 160:
Dam disaster in Italy, when the wav
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 6.10: A slab foundation, bui
Page 163 and 164:
An example of this is investigation
Page 165 and 166:
GlossaryAbsolute age The</s
Page 167 and 168:
Carbon capture The
Page 169 and 170:
Crustal shortening This results of
Page 171 and 172:
Evaporite deposits (or evaporites)
Page 173 and 174:
Geophysical survey Using the method
Page 175 and 176:
“Integrated waste management” <
Page 177 and 178:
Metamorphism The r
Page 179 and 180:
Pore spaces (or pores) Gaps bet<str
Page 181 and 182:
Saltation Sediment movement by flui
Page 183 and 184:
Suspension Sediment movement by flu
Page 185 and 186:
AcknowledgementsPermission to repri
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 2.3 A scree slope. Photo ID:
Page 189 and 190:
Figure 1.15a Hematite.Figure 1.15b
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 1.28 Dune cross bedding in s
Page 193 and 194:
Figure 3.18 An island arc volcano,
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 5.21 Excavations at the dino
show all

The planet we live on: The beginnings of the Earth Sciences

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?