The planet we live on: The beginnings of the Earth Sciences

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Turbidity current A billowing cloud of muddy sediment that flows downslope underwaterUltramafic An igneous melt or rock very rich in magnesium (ma) and iron (fic)Unconformity A surface bet<strong>we</strong>en two rock sequences; the first was deposited, formedinto rock, probably folded/tilted, and then uplifted and eroded, then the secondrock sequence was deposited on the eroded unconformity surfaceUniformitarianism (principle of) Ancient rocks <strong>we</strong>re formed by processes still activeon Earth today; ‘the present is the key to the past’Vesicles Gas bubbles preserved as holes (usually spherical), when a lava flow becamesolidVolcanic ash Fine-grained solid volcanic material ejected during an eruption, often highinto the atmosphereVolcanic block Coarse-grained solid volcanic material such as boulders ejected duringan eruptionWater table <strong>The</strong> top of the saturated zone under the ground surface; can be seen bylooking down a <strong>we</strong>llWave ripple marks Ripple marks with equal slopes, formed by oscillating waves inshallow waterWeathering <strong>The</strong> natural break up and break down of rock and other materials at theEarth’s surface, without the removal of solid materialWell A borehole drilled for oil/gas or water; wider <strong>we</strong>lls are excavated for waterWind turbine Windmill used to produce po<strong>we</strong>rWind farm A cluster of wind turbines169
AcknowledgementsPermission to reprint the Geological Fieldwork Code published by the Geologists’ Associationin Chapter 2 has kindly been granted by the Geologists’ Association, UK.American Geological Institute (AGI) - <strong>we</strong> are most grateful to the AGI for allowingus to use the following images, from their Earth Science World Image Bank at http://www.earthscienceworld.org/images/:Figure 1.1 Studying a rock exposure. Photo ID: hf8vpp.Copyright © Bruce Molnia,Terra Photographics.Figure 1.10 Crystallising salt. Photo ID: ha47ly. Copyright © Marli Miller, Universityof Oregon.Figure 1.18 Cross-bedding structures in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of Zion NationalPark. Photo ID: ha45jb. Copyright © Marli Miller, University of Oregon.Figure 1.17 Bedded rocks in Sedona, Arizona, USA. Photo ID: h6imm1. Copyright ©Chris Keane, American Geological Institute.Figure 1.24 Cross-bedded sandstones in Cambrian quartzite, USA. Photo ID: h320z5.Copyright © Marli Miller, University of Oregon.Figure 1.25 Mud cracks in mudstone. Photo ID: h0wmwk. Courtesy, United StatesGeological Survey.Figure 1.29 Trails and burrows in sandstone, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Photo ID:hflsua. Copyright © Bruce Molnia, Terra Photographics.Figure 1.33 Tilted turbidite sequence. Photo ID: h31zqt. Copyright © Marli Miller,University of Oregon.Figure 1.42 Granite specimen. Photo ID: i8bi3k. Copyright © Dr. Richard Busch,West Chester University.Figure 1.37 Middle Cambrian trilobite. Photo ID: hszqha. Photographer, Albert Copley.Copyright © Oklahoma University.Figure 1.38 Ammonites. Photo ID: hn81zf. Photographer, Albert Copley. Copyright© Oklahoma University.170
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Basic Books in ScienceBook 6<strong
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BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
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BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
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Looking ahead - If you came across
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3.2 Plate tectonics (20th Century)
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1.30 Coal seams in an opencast coal
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3.4 Alfred Wegener, the polar explo
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5.14 A GPS remote volcano monitorin
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Figure 1.2:minerals.A sandstone roc
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Even diamond can have different col
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Figure 1.8: A red garnet crystal in
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Figure 1.12: Crystals of minerals i
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Hematite, Fe 2 O 3 - earthy red, me
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Figure 1.17: Sedimentary rocks show
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Figure 1.20: A close up view of a p
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Figure 1.26: Ancient wave ripple ma
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Figure 1.30: Coal seams in an openc
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Figure 1.32: Close up view of a pie
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Figure 1.35: A fossil colonial cora
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Figure 1.38: Fossil ammonites, indi
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Figure 1.39: ‘Massive’ igneous
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Figure 1.41: A close up view of a p
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Figure 1.44: A basalt flow that coo
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Figure 1.47: Deposit of volcanic as
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Figure 1.49: An old slate quarry, s
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Figure 1.51: Slate, a low-grade met
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Figure 1.53: Schist, a medium-grade
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Figure 1.56: Metaquartzite, produce
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Figure 1.58: A region of folded roc
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Figure 1.61: A normal fault. This s
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Figure 1.64: An unconformity. Older
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proper geological maps. Fossils hav
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Cephalopods are not extinct, but th
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Figure 1.68: A shelled cephalopod f
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You can try the rock sequencing pri
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Chapter 2Reading landscapes: how la
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Figure 2.3: Rock fragments loosened
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Figure 2.6: The jo
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Figure 2.10: The m
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are forming them. Similarly the sha
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Figure 2.19: This photo was taken f
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Figure 2.25: Dinosaur tracks conser
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• On coastal sections, whenever p
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found evidence that the Earth was a
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Figure 3.3: James Hutton, the ‘Fo
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Figure 3.5: A page of Wegener’s 1
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Figure 3.7: The st
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Figure 3.10: The r
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Figure 3.13: The m
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Figure 3.15: The S
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Figure 3.19: An ocean versus contin
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Figure 3.23: Map of the major tecto
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Figure 3.26: Global temperature cha
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Figure 3.29: A computer generated p
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Figure 3.31: The
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planet extended th
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Figure 4.1: William Smith’s geolo
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Millionsof yearsago (Ma)01000Some M
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ocks whilst the first definite plan
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Figure 4.9: The ch
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Figure 4.12: The 4
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Millionsof years Some Major Earth E
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Figure 5.2: Strike-slip movement (r
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Figure 5.4: The So
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Figure 5.6: An ash eruption rising
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Figure 5.10: A hazard zone map of t
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Page 151 and 152: Chapter 6Understanding what geologi
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Page 157 and 158: Figure 6.6: Groundwater flowing out
Page 159 and 160: Dam disaster in Italy, when the wav
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Page 165 and 166: GlossaryAbsolute age The</s
Page 167 and 168: Carbon capture The
Page 169 and 170: Crustal shortening This results of
Page 171 and 172: Evaporite deposits (or evaporites)
Page 173 and 174: Geophysical survey Using the method
Page 175 and 176: “Integrated waste management” <
Page 177 and 178: Metamorphism The r
Page 179 and 180: Pore spaces (or pores) Gaps bet<str
Page 181 and 182: Saltation Sediment movement by flui
Page 183: Suspension Sediment movement by flu
Page 187 and 188: Figure 2.3 A scree slope. Photo ID:
Page 189 and 190: Figure 1.15a Hematite.Figure 1.15b
Page 191 and 192: Figure 1.28 Dune cross bedding in s
Page 193 and 194: Figure 3.18 An island arc volcano,
Page 195 and 196: Figure 5.21 Excavations at the dino
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