The planet we live on: The beginnings of the Earth Sciences

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“Slushball Earth” <strong>The</strong> theory that the Earth was once nearly covered by ice, but therewas probably some areas of non-frozen ocean near the EquatorSmelting <strong>The</strong> process of separating metal from the impurities in metal ore by heating“Snowball Earth” <strong>The</strong> theory that the Earth was once completely covered by iceSoft bodies Organisms with no hard parts such as shells or bones, which therefore areunlikely to become fossilisedSolution (transport by) Dissolved material carried by water currentsSorting <strong>The</strong> sorting out of sediment grains into different sizes during transportation;<strong>we</strong>ll-sorted sediments have grains of just one size, e.g. <strong>we</strong>ll-sorted sandSource rock (hydrocarbon) <strong>The</strong> rock from which oil or natural gas originally came;the decay of plankton in mudstones/shales produced oil and some gas whilst mostgas comes from coalSpring Natural flow of groundwater out of the groundStipe A single arm of a saw-blade-like graptolite colonyStrata Sedimentary or volcanic layers, deposited at the Earth’s surfaceStratigraphic principles <strong>The</strong> principles used to understand how layers (strata) <strong>we</strong>redeposited in the past and the sequence of events involved in their deposition andlater historyStreak (mineral) Colour left as a scratch on a white tile (or by filing onto white paper)Strike <strong>The</strong> two directions at right angles to the dip direction of sloping rock layers; forexample, rocks that dip east have a north-south strikeStrike-slip fault <strong>The</strong> results of shear stresses; when seen from above, one side has movedrelative to the other along a fault plane that is usually verticalStromatolites Mats of simple organisms (cells with no nuclei) that can form pillars ofmatsStructure (sedimentary) <strong>The</strong> sedimentary features of a sediment or sedimentary rockthat are larger than grain size, including features like bedding and cross beddingSubduction <strong>The</strong> sinking of an oceanic plate into the mantle at a destructive/convergentplate marginSupercontinent A large continent formed when plate tectonics brought several continentalmasses together in the pastSuperposition of strata (principle of) <strong>The</strong> stratigraphic principle that strata depositedon top of other strata are younger167
Suspension Sediment movement by fluid (water or wind) where the grains remain buoyedup in the current as they are carried alongSuture line (cephalopod) <strong>The</strong> junction bet<strong>we</strong>en the wall of the chamber and the outerwall of the shell; early cephalopods had simple straight suture lines, later ones <strong>we</strong>remuch more complexSyncline Downfolded rocks (strictly, folded rocks with the youngest rock in the centreof the fold - since, if the sequence was tectonically inverted, synclines would beupfolds)Tectonic Deformation of the Earth’s outer layersTexture (rock) <strong>The</strong> ways in which the grains of the rock fit together; linked to theshapes, sizes and orientations of the grains<strong>The</strong>ca (plural thecae) <strong>The</strong> living chamber of a single graptolite animal<strong>The</strong>rmal metamorphism Rock recrystallisation caused by the baking of surroundingrocks by cooling igneous intrusions; caused primarily by high temperaturesThrust fault Compressional fault with a sliding surface that has low angle of slope ofless than 45°(often around 10°or less); sometimes bodies of rock can be moved tensof kilometres along thrust faultsTill (glacial) Sedimentary deposit largely of mixed mud and boulders deposited by meltingiceTor Exposed rounded mass of jointed rock in an upland area, typical of granite andcoarse sandstone bedrockTraction Sediment movement by fluid (water or wind) where the grains slide or rollalong the bedTransform fault A major fault offsetting oceanic ridges; the conservative plate marginsof plate tectonicsTrap (hydrocarbon) <strong>The</strong> shape of a formation that can trap hydrocarbons underground;includes anticlinal, fault and unconformity traps and traps associated withsalt domesTrench (oceanic) <strong>The</strong> deep clefts on the margins of many oceans, where plates aresubducted into the mantle beneathTsunami Water waves produced by earthquakes or landslips - large tsunamis can bevery damaging; the older term of ‘tidal wave’ is falling out of useTurbidite A flat sheet of sediment deposited by a turbidity current, often as a gradedbed168
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Basic Books in ScienceBook 6<strong
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BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
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BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
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Looking ahead - If you came across
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3.2 Plate tectonics (20th Century)
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1.30 Coal seams in an opencast coal
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3.4 Alfred Wegener, the polar explo
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5.14 A GPS remote volcano monitorin
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Figure 1.2:minerals.A sandstone roc
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Even diamond can have different col
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Figure 1.8: A red garnet crystal in
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Figure 1.12: Crystals of minerals i
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Hematite, Fe 2 O 3 - earthy red, me
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Figure 1.17: Sedimentary rocks show
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Figure 1.20: A close up view of a p
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Figure 1.26: Ancient wave ripple ma
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Figure 1.30: Coal seams in an openc
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Figure 1.32: Close up view of a pie
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Figure 1.35: A fossil colonial cora
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Figure 1.38: Fossil ammonites, indi
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Figure 1.39: ‘Massive’ igneous
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Figure 1.41: A close up view of a p
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Figure 1.44: A basalt flow that coo
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Figure 1.47: Deposit of volcanic as
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Figure 1.49: An old slate quarry, s
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Figure 1.51: Slate, a low-grade met
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Figure 1.53: Schist, a medium-grade
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Figure 1.56: Metaquartzite, produce
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Figure 1.58: A region of folded roc
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Figure 1.61: A normal fault. This s
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Figure 1.64: An unconformity. Older
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proper geological maps. Fossils hav
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Cephalopods are not extinct, but th
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Figure 1.68: A shelled cephalopod f
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You can try the rock sequencing pri
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Chapter 2Reading landscapes: how la
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Figure 2.3: Rock fragments loosened
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Figure 2.6: The jo
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Figure 2.10: The m
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are forming them. Similarly the sha
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Figure 2.19: This photo was taken f
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Figure 2.25: Dinosaur tracks conser
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• On coastal sections, whenever p
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found evidence that the Earth was a
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Figure 3.3: James Hutton, the ‘Fo
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Figure 3.5: A page of Wegener’s 1
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Figure 3.7: The st
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Figure 3.10: The r
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Figure 3.13: The m
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Figure 3.15: The S
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Figure 3.19: An ocean versus contin
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Figure 3.23: Map of the major tecto
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Figure 3.26: Global temperature cha
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Figure 3.29: A computer generated p
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Figure 3.31: The
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planet extended th
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Figure 4.1: William Smith’s geolo
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Millionsof yearsago (Ma)01000Some M
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ocks whilst the first definite plan
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Figure 4.9: The ch
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Figure 4.12: The 4
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Millionsof years Some Major Earth E
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Figure 5.2: Strike-slip movement (r
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Figure 5.4: The So
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Figure 5.6: An ash eruption rising
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Page 139 and 140: Figure 5.17: A windfarm in Ireland.
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Page 143 and 144: Another ‘missing link’ find has
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Page 147 and 148: Figure 5.25: A working aggregate-pr
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Page 151 and 152: Chapter 6Understanding what geologi
Page 153 and 154: Figure 6.2: A drilling rig used for
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Page 157 and 158: Figure 6.6: Groundwater flowing out
Page 159 and 160: Dam disaster in Italy, when the wav
Page 161 and 162: Figure 6.10: A slab foundation, bui
Page 163 and 164: An example of this is investigation
Page 165 and 166: GlossaryAbsolute age The</s
Page 167 and 168: Carbon capture The
Page 169 and 170: Crustal shortening This results of
Page 171 and 172: Evaporite deposits (or evaporites)
Page 173 and 174: Geophysical survey Using the method
Page 175 and 176: “Integrated waste management” <
Page 177 and 178: Metamorphism The r
Page 179 and 180: Pore spaces (or pores) Gaps bet<str
Page 181: Saltation Sediment movement by flui
Page 185 and 186: AcknowledgementsPermission to repri
Page 187 and 188: Figure 2.3 A scree slope. Photo ID:
Page 189 and 190: Figure 1.15a Hematite.Figure 1.15b
Page 191 and 192: Figure 1.28 Dune cross bedding in s
Page 193 and 194: Figure 3.18 An island arc volcano,
Page 195 and 196: Figure 5.21 Excavations at the dino
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